考点一 名词的数
规则1 单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则
①以-o结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加-s,但下列名词要加-es:Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes(趣味记忆:黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿)。
但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s:zeros (zeroes)零,mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos (volcanoes)火山。
②以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般直接加-s,但下列以-f或-fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves:selves, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves。(趣味记忆:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半)。
但下列以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s,它们是:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕,scarfs (scarves) 围巾。
③合成名词变成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一部分变为复数。sons-in-law女婿;passers-by过路人;story-tellers讲故事的人。
规则2 有些物质名词或抽象名词在表示具体或特定事物时,可具体化为可数名词,其前面需要有不定冠词。常见的这类词有:a pleasure/pity/surprise/success/failure/shame, an honour/a bright future/a strong character/a great help/a waste of time。
The World Athletics Championships held in Beijing are recognized as a great success.
人们公认在北京举行的世界田径锦标赛是一项非常成功的赛事。
规则3 有些名词的单、复数形式表达不同的意思。chicken鸡肉/chickens小鸡;fish鱼,鱼肉/fishes各种鱼; paper纸/papers试卷,报纸,文件;water水/waters水域;room空间/rooms房间;time时间/times次数,倍数,时代;arm手臂/arms武器……
规则4 有些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义。people, police, cattle, staff, public, “the+adj.”或“the+分词”(表示一类人或物)。
考点二 名词所有格
规则1表示有生命名词的所有格时,在词尾加“'s”。the boy's bag,men's rooms。此外,表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格也可在词尾加“'s”来表示所属关系,意为“……的”。a twenty minutes' walk, a ten miles' journey, two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。
规则2 若名词已有复数词尾s,只加“'”。the workers' struggle。
规则3 of属格:无生命名词的所有格用of结构。a map of China, the end of this term, the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers。
规则4 如果两个名词并列,且分别加“'s”,则表示“分别有……”;若只有后一个名词加“'s”,则表示两个“共有”。John's and Mary's rooms(两间);John and Mary's room(一间)。
规则5 省略格:在表示店铺、教堂、诊所的名称或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。at the doctor's 在诊所;at my sister's在我姐姐(妹妹)的家。
规则6 双重所有格:of+名词“'s”结构。a friend of my father's, works of Lu Xun's。
误区之一 名词“数”的误用
(1)【误】 During the past few days, many visitor just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery.
【正】 During the past few days, many visitors just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery.
[分析] visitor是可数名词,被many修饰,故用复数形式。句意:在过去的几天当中,许多和我一样的游客来到这里,体验这里与众不同的风景。
(2)【误】 The beauty of the village consists in its clean airs and peaceful environment.
【正】 The beauty of the village consists in its clean air and peaceful environment.
[分析] air是不可数名词,没有复数形式,故airs改为air。
误区之二 物质、抽象名词“具体化”的误用
【误】 She went into my room and got big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor.
【正】 She went into my room and got a big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor.
[分析] surprise本来是不可数名词,此句中转化为可数名词,意为“一件令人惊讶的事”,故在big前加a。句意:她走进我的房间,当她看到地板上的那些书时,大吃一惊。
误区之三 名词“格”的误用
【误】 A girl comes in. She's got a small, brown, leather wallet in her hand. She thinks it's Peter.
【正】 A girl comes in. She's got a small, brown, leather wallet in her hand. She thinks it's Peter's.
[分析] it指代wallet,与Peter不能构成同一关系,根据句意可知,此处应是“彼得的钱包”,故Peter 应改为所有格形式Peter's。
误区之四 名词作定语的误用
【误】 There is fierce competition among the three shoes shops in the street.
【正】 There is fierce competition among the three shoe shops in the street.
[分析] 此处指商店的性质,用名词的单数形式作定语。
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