一、定義
直接引用別人的話叫直接引語。用自己的話轉述別人的話叫間接引語。
一般來說，直接引語放在引號內；間接引語不用引號，用賓語從句來表達。
二、直接引語與間接引語的轉換
(一)人稱變化
直接引語中的代詞變為間接引語時，要根據句意情景進行變化。
1.直接引語中的第一人稱一般轉換為第三人稱或第一人稱。
He said，"I'm hungry."
He said that he was hungry.
I said," I won't go home."
I said that I won't go home.
I told Lily," We will donate money to you."
I told Lily that we would donate money to her.
2.直接引語中的第二人稱一般轉換為第三人稱或第一人稱，直接引語中的第三人稱仍保持不變。
Mom said to me:"You can clean your bedroom tomorrow."
Mom told me that I could clean my bedroom the next day.
Tina told her parents,"Tom is a nice boy.He is always ready to help."
Tina told her parents that Tom was a nice boy and that he was always ready to help.
(二)時態變化
當主句為一般現在時或一般將來時的時候，間接引語時態不變。
He says:"I gave you a pencil yesterday."
He says that he gave me a pencil yesterday.
如果主句為過去的某種時態，則間接引語的時態應相應向前推一個時態。
直接引語–間接引語
一般現在時–一般過去時
現在進行時–過去進行時
現在完成時–過去完成時
一般將來時–過去將來時
一般過去時–過去完成時
過去完成時–不變
過去進行時–不變
Tom said," I usually go to school at seven."
Tom said he usually went to school at seven.(一般現在時變為一般過去時)
注意:
直接引語變間接引語時態不需要變化的幾種情況:
1.直接引語為自然現象、科學真理、名言警句等，間接引語仍用一般現在時。
The teacher said to us,"The earth travels around the sun."
The teacher said that the earth travels around the sun.
2.直接引語為一般過去時，並且與具體時間狀語連用時，間接引語仍用一般過去時。
He said," I went to Hong Kong in 2018."
He said he went to Hong Kong in 2018.
3.所轉述的動作或狀態說話時仍在繼續，並對此點加以強調時。
The doctors said, "The virus is now still on."
The doctors said that the virus is now still on.
(三)指示代詞的變化
直接引語–間接引語
this-that
these-those
Tina said to me,"This is the library."
Tina said to me that was the library.
(四)時間狀語的變化
直接引語-間接引語
now–then
today–that day
this evening– that evening
yesterday–the day before
yesterday morning–the day before
last night–the night before
two days ago–two days before
next week–the next week/the following week
tomorrow–the next day/the following day
the day before yesterday–two days before
the day after tomorrow–in two days' time/two days after
She said," I went there yesterday."
She said that she had gone there the day before.
(五)地點狀語的變化
直接引語-間接引語
here–there
over here–over there
He said," This is the first time I've been here."
He said that was the first time he had been there.
(六)方向性動詞的變化
直接引語-間接引語
bring–take
come–go
He asked me,"Could you bring the chairs upstairs?"
He asked me if I could take the chairs upstairs.
注意:
說話者在當時當地轉述時，指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語、方向性動詞不用改變。
-Tina said,"I'll take this book."
-What did Tina say just now?
-She said she will take this book.
三、不同句式的直接引語怎樣轉換為間接引語
(一)陳述句
陳述句變間接引語時用that連接，that無實際意義，可省略。
He said，"I'm hungry."
He said that he was hungry.
(二)疑問句
一般疑問句和選擇疑問句變間接引語時，要用陳述語氣，並要加連詞if或whether。
He asked me,"Could you bring the chairs upstairs?"
He asked me if I could take the chairs upstairs.
特殊疑問句變為間接引語時，疑問詞變為連接詞引導間接引語，詞序也變為陳述語氣。
He asked me:" what time is it now?"
He asked me what time it was then.
(三)祈使句
祈使句變為間接引語時，通常將say改為ask或tell,order,advise等動詞，構成ask(或tell,order,advise等)sb. to do sth.結構。
原祈使句如果是否定的，變成間接引語時要在不定式結構前加not。
原祈使句中如果有帶有please一詞，間接引語中不再使用。
"Come in and sit down，please!"he said to us.
He asked us to come in and sit down.
(四)感嘆句
感嘆句變為間接引語時，可用what或how引導，也可用that引導。
"What a beautiful girl she is！"Tina shouted.
Tina shouted what a beautiful girl she was.
Tina shouted how beautiful a girl was.
Tina shouted that it was a beautiful girl.
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