【名称】粉彩开窗仕女图梅瓶
【类别】瓷器
【高度】22cm
【口径】5.1cm
[name] pink color window picture plum bottle
[category] porcelain
[height] 22cm
[caliber] 5.1cm
清代粉彩瓷的图案纹饰，可谓百花争艳，异彩纷呈，其中仕女图也是经常选用的题材之一。这里介绍的一件粉彩开窗仕女图梅瓶(见图)就是清早期的典型器物。仕女图，亦称仕女画，是以中国封建社会中上层妇女生活为题材的绘画，为历代瓷器装饰的典型纹饰之一，它最早始于唐代长沙窑瓷器，宋元时期，因盛行花鸟画，仕女图少见。至明清时期，特别是清晚期，仕女图的绘画大为发展。这时的仕女画衣带飘然，婀娜多姿，妙笔传神。加上画工精细，色彩艳丽，具有独特的时代特色。正如清代高崇瑞的《松下清斋集》里所云；“天下名山胜水，奇花异乌，惟美人一身可兼之，虽使荆、关泼墨，崔、艾挥笔，不若美女之集大成也。”说明当时之所以重视仕女图绘画的原因所在。正因为如此，这时期的仕女图在创作上日益脫离现实生话而趋向一种想象化、程式化的表现，注重姿态优美，淡雅飘逸，将仕女的形象绘画得貌若天仙，绝代美人。并把西方绘画的优点融入到作品之中，给后来人物画技术的革新地开辟了道路。
In the Qing Dynasty, the patterns and decorations of pastel porcelain can be described as colorful and colorful. Among them, the female figure is one of the themes often used. This is a typical example of early Qing Dynasty. The painting of an official woman, also known as the painting of an official woman, is one of the typical ornaments decorated with porcelain in the past dynasties. It first began in the Changsha porcelain of the Tang Dynasty, and in the song and Yuan Dynasties, as a result of the flourished flower and bird painting, the paintings of women were rare. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in the late Qing Dynasty, the paintings of the maiden pictures were greatly developed. At this time, the ladies painted their clothes and drifted, graceful and wonderful. Plus fine painter, colorful, unique characteristics of the times. As the Qing Dynasty Gao Chongrui's "Panasonic Qing Zhai collection" in the cloud, "the world famous mountains and rivers, strange flowers and different black, only beauty can be both, although it makes Jing, Guan Pomo, Cui, AI wave pen, not if the beauty of the collection." The reason why we paid attention to the painting of the female figure at that time was explained. Because of this, the painting of the women in this period is increasingly divorced from reality and tends to be an imaginative and stylized expression, paying attention to graceful posture, elegant and elegant, painting the image of an official woman as a fairy and a beauty. And integrating the advantages of Western painting into works, it opened up the way for the reform of figure painting techniques later.
总之清代的粉彩仕女图瓷器，不仅胎质细洁缜密，胎骨薄匀，釉色白中闪青，且绘画细腻，毫发清晰，色彩淡雅艳丽，富有浓郁的中国画之韵味，充分给人们以美的艺术享受。
In short, the Qing Dynasty's Pink Ladies map porcelain, not only fine and meticulous fetal quality, thin fetal bone thin, glaze white flicker, and painting delicate, clear, elegant color, rich in Chinese painting, full of beauty of the artistic enjoyment of the people.
梅瓶是传统名瓷，梅瓶是一种小口、短颈、丰肩 、瘦底、圈足的瓶式，以口小只能插梅枝而得名。因瓶体修长，宋时称为“经瓶”，作盛酒用器，造型挺秀、俏丽，明朝以后被称为梅瓶。 梅瓶也称"经瓶"，最早出现于唐代，宋辽时期较为流行，并且出现了许多新品种。近代许之衡在《饮流斋说瓷》一书中详细地描述了梅瓶的形制、特征及名称由来："梅瓶口细而颈短，肩极宽博，至胫稍狭，抵于足微丰，口径之小仅与梅之瘦骨相称，故名梅瓶。"关于梅瓶的用途，磁州窑白地黑花梅瓶器腹有“清沽美酒”与“醉乡酒海”的诗句。梅瓶既是酒器，又是一件令人爱不释手的观赏品。因此，这类器多制作精美，不但考虑到贮酒容量，还要注意造型优美。
The plum bottle is a traditional Chinese porcelain. The plum bottle is a small bottle, short neck, shoulder shoulder, thin bottom, and bottle type. Because of its slender body, it was called "Jing Jing" in Song Dynasty. It was used as a wine container. Its shape was beautiful and beautiful. After the Ming Dynasty, it was called the plum bottle. The plum bottle, also known as "Jing Jing", first appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and was popular in the song and Liao dynasties, and many new varieties appeared. The modern Xu Zhiheng described the form, characteristics and name of the plum bottle in his book "Yin Liu Zhai porcelain" in detail. "The plum bottle is thin and the neck is short, the shoulder is very wide, to the tibiae and narrow, to the foot and the micro abundance. The small caliber is only proportionate to the thin bone of Mei Zhi, so it is named the plum bottle. "About the use of plum bottles, there are" Qing Gu Mei wine "and" drunken wine sea "in the Ci Zhou kiln. The plum bottle is not only a wine implement but also an admirable ornamental product. Therefore, this kind of device is exquisitely made, not only taking into account the capacity of liquor storage, but also paying attention to the beautiful shape.
到了明清，御窑厂大量制造各式各样的梅瓶，而且造型越来越优美。有的用来装酒，供皇帝使用。有的便成为了宫廷陈设品。
明代的梅瓶造型，比例偏低；口部圆浑厚实，没有明显的线角转折；肩部向上抬起，线条饱满而有力；腹部之下，呈垂直状，有的微向里收；在足部的结束部分，稍向外撇。有的白釉梅瓶肩部有青花楷书“内府”二字，当属宫内用器。
清乾隆的梅瓶肩部特别丰满，几乎成一条直线，腰部以下收得较直。梅瓶讲究图案化，龙纹较死板。
清嘉庆年间的梅瓶造型多样，有的向宽短型发展，有的向瘦长型发展，胎体与乾隆时期区别不大，釉色的白度较乾隆时高，而釉的质地较乾隆时有所下降。梅瓶花纹比较多样，但艺术品位较乾隆时期差。
如果说宋代的梅瓶造型挺秀、俏丽，富于女性的特征的话，那么明代的梅瓶则是雄健、敦厚，富于男性的特征。至于清代的梅瓶，由于造型比例不当，给人以不谐调和不完整的感觉，不及明代的水平。
明清梅瓶在器形上略有区别,明代梅瓶,肩部较丰,胫部肥硕。清代梅瓶,肩丰硕而挺阔,胫部内收,至近底处又微撇。以景德镇窑制品最佳,有各色釉和彩绘装饰。其中,肩部有墨书或青花楷书“内府”二字者,是宫内用器。清人因瓶口小仅能插入梅花枝而叫“梅瓶”。清乾隆的梅瓶肩部特别丰满，几乎成一条直线．腰部以下收得较直．梅瓶讲究图案化，龙纹较死板。嘉庆年间的梅瓶造型多样，有的向宽短型发展，有的向瘦长型发展，胎体与乾隆时期区别不大，釉色的白度较乾隆时高，而釉的质地较乾隆时有所下降。梅瓶花纹比较多样。
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial kiln factory produced a large number of various kinds of plum bottles, and the shapes became more and more beautiful. Some are used for wine to be used by the emperor. Some became the palace furnishings.
In the Ming Dynasty, the styling of the plum bottle was on the low side; the mouth was thick and thick, there was no obvious line angle; the shoulder was raised up and the lines were full and powerful; under the abdomen, it was vertical, some slightly collected, and at the end of the foot, a little outward. Some white glazed plum bottles have two characters on the shoulders of the blue and white>
The Qing Dynasty Qianlong's plum bottle shoulders were especially plump, almost straight, and straight below the waist. The plum bottle pays attention to the patterning, the dragon pattern is more rigid.
In the period of the Qing Jiaqing, the styling of the plum bottle varied, some to the broad and short type development, some to the thin and long development, the fetal body and Qian Long time difference is not big, the glaze color is higher than Qian Long, and the glaze texture is lower than when Qian Long. The patterns of plum bottles are various, but their artistic taste is worse than that of the Qianlong period.
If the plum bottles in the Song Dynasty are beautiful, beautiful and rich in women's characteristics, then the Ming Dynasty's plum bottles are vigorous, honest and full of men's characteristics. As for the plum bottles in the Qing Dynasty, due to improper proportions, it gave people a feeling of inharmony and incompleteness, which was not as good as that of the Ming Dynasty.
In Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a slight difference in the shape of the plum vase. In the Qing Dynasty, the plum bottles were rich and broad, and the tibia was adducted to the bottom. Jingdezhen kiln products are best decorated with coloured glazes and coloured paintings. Among them, there are two characters in the shoulders, which are ink books or blue and white>
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