© Claudio Olivares Medina, via Flickr. Licença CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
城市流動的可達性功能特徵
The Role of Urban Mobility in Providing Accessibility
由專築網小R，王雪純編譯
在城市之中自如地活動是人類活動的基本需求，但是日常的通勤、學習、休閒等活動，常常會受到擁擠的交通狀況的影響。於是城市流動性成為了備受爭議的話題，人們常常對此頗有微詞。其實，我們已經發表過相關文章，其中既有異想天開的建議，也有關乎日常的腳踏實地的策略。
Being able to move around cities is a basic requirement for the development of most human activities. Yet daily trips between home and work, study, leisure, and other daily commitments are not always done under the most comfortable conditions, whether it be because of crowded public transportation or unexpected traffic jams. Urban mobility is a hotly debated topic, from informal conversation circles to technical and scientific seminars. It's hard to find someone who doesn't have an opinion on the subject or some miraculous solution to the problems in their city or region. In fact, we have already posted several articles addressing this issue on this site, from utopian proposals to questions related to the daily lives of most of the population.
Cortesia de Ciclo Vivo
我們的城市由於交通政策和利益多元化的私人企業而不斷地發展，國家也投資了許多無障礙設施。巴西作家Flavio Villaça指出，“近與遠”、“好位置與差位置”的概念不能簡單地通過物理上的距離來定義，它們與交通系統、不同收入階級的汽車使用頻率、社會階層的空間分佈、休閒場所、購物中心、服務區域等方面同樣息息相關。一般來說，通達性較強、地理位置較為便利的地區會讓人感覺有更高價值，有的人會選擇居住在這些場所，但是有些人只能選擇適合自己整體狀況的地區而居住。這就會造成居民距離自己的工作地點較遠的狀況，而城市空間的持續擴建也造成了社會不平等現象的上升。而城市的可達性成為了這些差異的部分指標，因為有一部分居民的只能擁有較低的交通便利性。
Our cities continuously grow and reinvent themselves through public policies and the initiatives of private entities that adhere to diverse interests, with accessibility infrastructure being sponsored primarily by state investments. Brazilian author Flavio Villaça points out that notions of “near and far,” “well located and poorly located” cannot be reduced to simple physical distances. They are produced through transport systems, the availability of vehicles for different strata of income (cars vs. public transport), spatial distributions of social strata, places of employment, shopping and service areas, and urban centers (which do not always correspond to old urban centers). Places that are more 'connected' and located in more socially desirable areas are considered more valuable. While some may choose where to live, many others reside only where it is possible. This may put certain residents closer or further from their work or from the centers of culture and leisure in their city. Thus, urban space reproduces, amplifies, and consolidates the inequalities of society. And mobility is one of the most brutal daily indicators of these disparities, due to the painful methods of transportation that a large portion of the population has to go through.
© Copenhagenize Design Company
大部分的城市已經演變成了由中心向邊緣發展的整體模式，就業機會、服務空間、健康教育、休閒文化場所都集中於城市中央，只有少部分會分佈在城市的郊區地區，這也說明了城市的可達性與社會包容性息息相關。如果需要解決城市可達性的問題，那麼必須整體全面地進行思考，因為其中的癥結不僅僅是人們所看到的那樣，僅僅依賴於交通無法完全地解決這個問題。
Most cities have consolidated into a center-periphery model, with a high concentration of opportunities - jobs, services, health, education, leisure, and culture - in the central areas, while less favored strata live in the peripheries. This is why mobility is directly related to social inclusion and access. Addressing urban mobility and accessibility to the city in a more holistic and comprehensive way is vital. They are more symptoms than problems themselves; trying to solve issues of mobility with transport alone is a fool's errand.
© Mariana Gil / WRI Brasil
住房政策、價格控制、中產階級的抵制、公共文化以及教育空間的設定是城市規劃的核心部分。分散公共投資對於此類現象的減少也至關重要。但是城市的流動性與可達性之間是否存在關聯呢？通過充足的交通設施能夠讓人們更高效地去往自己的目的地，從而讓人們快速地融入到城市之中。這不僅僅意味著從住宅到公司，同時還意味著工作與休閒之間的聯繫。既然城市的建設來源於公共投資，那麼人們就應該平等地享受各項服務。
Housing policies, price controls, resistance against gentrification, and the creation of public, cultural, and educational spaces must be at the heart of urban planning. Decentralizing public investment is also essential to reduce problems with travel. But what does urban mobility have to do with accessibility? Providing adequate travel conditions allows inhabitants to access and integrate into cities. This doesn't just mean providing transport from home to work: it also means providing access to culture and leisure. If cities are built through public investment, it's only fair to allow everyone to enjoy it.
© Copenhagenize Design Company
城市流動性問題不能隔離或者侷限地進行思考，這必須結合到城市的整體之中，其中包括城市的矛盾性與複雜性、利益階層的衝突，以及城市的不公平性等方面。最為重要的是，城市的可達性設計需要結合城市的道路交通體系。當建築師或是城市規劃者在進行相關的設計時，需要意識到自己的每個思考都有可能促進城市和社會的公平發展。
Urban mobility should not be studied or considered in isolation, limited to a problem of public transport, transport engineering, or travel efficiency. It must be integrated into a reflection on the urban totality, including its complexities and contradictions, its conflicts of interests, and the inequalities that manifest themselves in cities. Urban mobility must above all be designed to provide greater access to the city. The architect draws the city, whether through a single small building or a greater master plan. We have to be aware that fairer cities and societies can be made possible through our actions.
© Copenhagenize Design Company
© Copenhagenize Design Company
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