USD 98.15 billion! A marvellous miracle created by Chinese consumers
澳洲龍蝦、日本牛肉、泰國榴蓮、埃及甜橙、土耳其葵花籽油……曾經昂貴稀缺的“洋食材”，如今紛紛“端”上了普通中國百姓的餐桌。隨著中國人民生活水平的提高，越來越多外國優質的食品進入了平常人家的“購物車”。看準了中國這個大市場，許多外國企業也紛紛行動起來，希望在此尋求到更好的發展機會。據農業農村部統計，2019年1-8月，中國農產品進出口額1478.8億美元，其中進口981.5億美元，分別同比增長1.9%、4.5%，中國已經成為全球第一大農產品進口國和第二大農產品貿易國。
Imported food such as Australia’s lobsters, Japan’s beef, Thailand’s durians, Egypt’s sweet oranges, Turkey’s sunflower oil, etc. once expensive and scarce in China, is now “flying” to the table of ordinary Chinese. With the improvement of the living standard of the Chinese people, more and more high-quality imported food has entered the “shopping cart” of ordinary people. Recognizing China’s huge market, many foreign enterprises have turned their eyes to China for better opportunity. According to statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, from January to August 2019, China’s import and export of agricultural produces amounted to USD 147.88 billion, of which USD 98.15 billion were imported, up 1.9% and 4.5% respectively year on year. China has now become the world’s largest importer and second largest trading nation of agricultural produces.
曾經，中國通過出口推動了國民經濟的發展，提升了人民的生活水平；如今，中國主動擴大進口，探索與其他國家在農業經貿領域的交流，習近平主席在首屆進博會上表示，“歡迎各國朋友，把握新時代中國發展機遇，深化國際經貿合作，實現共同繁榮進步。”
In the past, China promoted the development of its national economy and improved the living standards of its people through exports. Today, China has taken the initiative to expand its imports to help other countries achieve better development, and explore economic and trade exchanges in agriculture with other countries. As Chinese President Xi Jinping said at the first China International Import Exposition (CIIE), “the CIIE will help friends from around the world to seize opportunities presented by China’s development in the new era and offer a platform for us to deepen international business cooperation for shared prosperity and progress.”
中國已成多國農產品最大買主
China has become the largest buyer of agricultural produces for many countries
智利車釐子
水果產業是智利的支柱產業之一。馬上又要到智利車釐子收穫的季節了，果農們開始準備採摘成熟的車釐子並儘快“包機”將其運往全球最大的出口目的國——中國。每年11月到次年3月是智利車釐子成熟的季節，也是中國本土水果稀缺但需求旺盛的季節，因恰逢元旦、春節、元宵節，色澤鮮豔、味道甜美的車釐子成為中國人送禮、待客的上選。智利水果出口商協會主席羅納爾德·鮑恩透露，2018年底至2019年春季，出口到中國（不含港澳臺）的車釐子數量近20萬噸，佔其出口總量的83.75%，同比增長約17%。
Fruit industry is one of the pillar industries in Chile. Recently, it’s almost time for cherries in Chile to ripen, and cherry farmers will begin to pick ripe cherries and transport them by air to China--the world’s largest export destination as soon as possible. The harvest season for Chilean cherries is generally from November to March, during which local fresh fruit in China is scarce, but in high demand due to the New Year’s Day, the Spring Festival, and the Lantern Festival season. Cherries, with beautiful color and sweet taste, have become one of the most popular choices for treats and gifts. Ronald Bowen, President of the Association of Fruit Exporters of Chile (ASOEX), revealed that from the end of 2018 to the spring of 2019, nearly 200,000 tons of cherries were exported to China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan), accounting for 83.75% of Chile’s total exports, up about 17% year on year.
9月20日，第二十一屆江蘇農業國際合作洽談會在連雲港開幕
中國如此旺盛的市場需求，加上不菲的價格，“種植車釐子非常賺錢”，對智利果農來說這早已是公開的秘密。在智利，約50萬人依靠種植車釐子為生，佔整個智利水果產業從業者的三分之一。
Due to China’s strong appetite for Chilean cherries in spite of the fruits’ high prices, it has long been a shared information for Chilean fruit farmers that “growing cherries is very profitable”. In Chile, about half a million farmers plant cherry trees, accounting for a third of all players involved in Chile’s fruit industry.
智利COPEFRUT公司就是這樣一家靠中國“吃貨們”發達起來的企業。從原來不過幾個人經營的小農舍，藉著中國市場的東風，公司如今已變成擁有近400人的集團公司，也是當地第二大水果生產及出口企業。據公司CEO ANDRéS FUENZALIDA介紹，公司近幾年的水果幾乎100%銷往中國市場，其利潤率非常可觀。“中國人喜歡又紫又大的車釐子，市價120元/千克左右的最受歡迎。”智利車釐子委員會主席塔格爾曾自豪地表示：“只要運輸能力跟得上，我們在中國完全不愁銷路。”
Chile’s Copefrut is such a company whose development is mainly fueled by China’s consumers. From a small farmhouse run by only a few people, the company is now a conglomerate with nearly 400 employees and the second largest fruit producer and exporter in Chile. According to Andrés Fuenzalida, CEO of Copefrut, the company has exported almost all of its fruit to China in recent years, earning very considerable profit margins. “Chinese consumers prefer big purple cherries, and the ones priced at RMB 120 per kilogram are the best selling products in China.” Cristian Tagle, president of the Chilean Cherry Committee, once proudly said: “We have no trouble finding a market for Chilean cherries in China as long as we can deliver the produces to China.”
盧旺達駐華大使查爾斯·卡勇加（右二）在盒馬瞭解中國消費者如何通過線上線下購買盧旺達咖啡
同樣從中國農產品進口中獲得不少紅利的還有阿根廷。中國海關數據顯示，今年1月-7月，中國共進口牛肉85萬噸，阿根廷以18.6萬噸的總量成為中國最大的牛肉進口來源國，出口額達到8.7億美元，較去年同期增長了129%。上半年阿根廷出口牛肉總量的72%都運到了中國。
Argentina has also benefited a lot from China’s agricultural imports. China imported a total of 850,000 tons of beef in the first seven months of this year, and Argentina became China’s largest source of beef imports with a total of 186,000 tons of beef imported, up 129% from the same period last year to USD 870 million, according to China Customs’ data. 72% of Argentina’s beef were exported to China in the first half of this year.
阿根廷農業產業國務秘書路易斯·米格爾·埃切韋雷表示，“中國現在已經是阿根廷的主要農牧產品出口目的地。希望進一步擴大和豐富阿中貿易關係，也希望能夠成為中國食品可信任的供應夥伴。”中國也釋放了其最大的誠意。據9月19日阿根廷發佈的官方消息，阿根廷已新增8家牛肉輸華准入工廠，至此，阿根廷牛肉輸華准入工廠累計增至35家。
Luis Miguel Etchevehere, Secretary of State of Agroindustry, Argentina, said that China is now Argentina’s major importer of agricultural produces. He hopes to further expand trade relations between China and Argentina and make his country become a reliable food supply partner of China. China has also shown its utmost sincerity. According to official news released by Argentina on September 19, eight new local meat plants for beef had been approved for export to China, thus bringing the total number of such factories to 35.
精品超市裡琳琅滿目的進口水果
中國已成為多個國家農產品的最大買主，秘魯4成左右的牛油果、泰國6成左右的榴蓮等都流向了中國市場。中國有龐大的市場，外國有優質的資源，雙方分工合作、優勢互補，滿足了各方的需求，實現了互利共贏。
China has become the largest buyer of agricultural products for many countries. For example, about 40% of avocados from Peru and 60% of durian from Thailand have all entered China’s market. China boasts an enormous market while foreign countries have high-quality produces. The division of labor, cooperation, and complementary advantages between China and other countries have satisfied the demands of both and achieved mutual benefit and win-win results.
一路守護“零時差”鮮品
Cold chain logistics and railway express guarantee the transportation of fresh imported produces
隨著海外大量生鮮食品湧入中國市場，傳統的物流環境、運輸工具等遠遠不能滿足要求，從而也催生了跨境冷鏈物流及新貨運班列的發展。
With a large number of fresh produces from overseas flooding into China’s market, the traditional logistics environment and means of transportation are far from meeting the requirements, thus fueling the development of cross-border cold chain logistics and new freight trains.
跨境冷鏈物流促進貿易暢通
當你在國內大型超市選購來自歐洲的巧克力、俄羅斯的牛奶時，這些產品在當地或許剛剛上市；歐洲居民清晨將河南南陽月季捧回家的時候，南陽花園裡的月季也許正初露芬芳。中國和歐洲的居民享受的幾乎“零時差”新鮮產品，正是通過中歐班列的冷藏集裝箱運送實現的。各國人民對進口產品新鮮度的重視，極大地推動了冷鏈物流業的發展。
In China’s supermarkets, Chinese consumers can buy European chocolates or Russian milk which have just come to local markets. Likewise, European consumers can get China roses in their countries which have picked up not long ago from the rose gardens in Nanyang, Henan Province, China. It is through the refrigerated containers of China-Europe Railway Express that fresh produces imported from other countries available for Chinese and European consumers are delivered. This is the charm of cold chain logistics. And thanks to great attention China has paid to fresh imported products, the cold chain logistics industry has experienced significant development.
外國參展商在第十七屆中國國際肉類工業展覽會上展示其產品
據統計，2018年中國冷鏈物流市場規模達到3035億元，同比增長19%。據中物聯冷鏈委預測，到2020年，冷鏈物流市場規模將達到4700億元。相比發達國家的冷鏈物流，中國這一產業還相對薄弱，尚有很大的發展空間。冷鏈物流是食品、生鮮等長途運輸中品質的保證。數據顯示，中國肉類消耗量超過歐盟和美國的總和，中國人均蔬菜、水果消耗量世界第一，這些都需要大量的冷鏈物流來實現。
According to statistics, China’s cold chain logistics market reached RMB 303.5 billion in 2018, up 19% year on year. The Cold Chain Logistics Committee of China Federation of Logistics & Purchasing forecasts that the scale of the cold chain logistics market will be worth RMB 470 billion by 2020. However, compared with the cold chain logistics in developed countries, the industry in China is still in its infancy and still has a long way to go. Cold chain logistics can guarantee the quality of food and fresh produces in long-distance transportation. Data shows that China’s meat consumption exceeds that of the EU and the United States combined, and China’s per capita consumption of vegetables and fruits is the highest in the world. These all require a large amount of cold chain logistics to realize product circulation.
當然，對於生鮮食品及農產品來說，除了冷鏈物流提供的“恆溫保護”，運輸速度也非常重要。以歐洲諸國一向青睞的南陽月季為例，據鄭州海關工作人員介紹，以往花苗出口有兩種途徑，從青島港走海運或走航空物流，因航空成本太高，大部分企業選擇海運，到歐洲至少需要45天，花苗有風險不說，還可能因為耽擱太久而錯過市場機遇。由此，適應新鮮農產品跨境運輸的中歐班列應運而生，這種只佔海運時間三分之一、空運成本五分之一的運輸方式受到了很多國際賣家的青睞。
Of course, for fresh food and agricultural products, besides the “temperature control” realized by cold chain logistics, transportation speed is also very important. Here, China roses, which have enjoyed popularity among European consumers, are cited as an example. According to customs officials in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, there were two ways to export local seedlings in the past, namely shipping from Qingdao Port or air logistics. Due to the high cost of air transportation, most enterprises chose shipping. However, it took at least 45 days to reach Europe by shipping. Apart from the possible damages to seedlings, the products may also miss out on market opportunities due to transportation delay. As a result, the China-Europe Railway Express that meets the need of the cross-border transportation of fresh agricultural produces has been developed. This mode of transportation, which takes only one-third of the shipping time and costs one-fifth of the air transportation, is favored by many international sellers.
中歐班列“長安號”讓消費者足不出戶便可買遍全球
2月，載有火龍果、龍眼等東南亞水果的中越集裝箱冷鏈班列緩緩駛進了廣西憑祥口岸，這趟列車的最終目的地是上海。這趟班列的開行，搭建了從廣西農產品，到東盟熱帶水果、海鮮、農副產品的快捷銷售網絡，將有效推動東盟與中國長三角地區貿易暢通，這也是西部陸海新通道建設的又一亮眼成績。
In February, the China-Vietnam Cold Chain Container Train carrying Southeast Asian fruits such as pitayas and longans slowly pulled into Pingxiang Port in Guangxi. The final destination of this train is Shanghai. The train establishes a fast and convenient selling network for Guangxi’s farm products, and tropical fruits, seafood and agricultural and sideline products of ASEAN, which will effectively promote the smooth trade between ASEAN and China’s Yangtze River Delta Region. This marked another remarkable achievement made in the construction of the New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor in Western China.
9月23日，首輛載有俄羅斯農產品的集裝箱列車從卡盧加州物流集散中心出發，把俄羅斯優質的小麥麵粉運往中國天津，這是俄羅斯鐵路物流公司向中國發送的首趟“農業快車”。俄鐵物流公司總經理維亞切斯拉娃·瓦連季卡表示，這一歷史性事件將打開俄羅斯農產品向中國出口新的篇章，同時向俄羅斯國內生產商提供了走向新市場的良機。
On September 23, the first container train carrying Russian agricultural products set off from the Kaluga Oblast logistics distribution center to deliver Russian high-quality wheat flour to Tianjin, China. This was the first “agricultural railway express” sent by the RZD Logistics to China. Mr. Viacheslav Valentik, CEO of the RZD Logistics, said this historic event will open a new chapter of Russian agricultural exports to China and also provide domestic producers with an opportunity to enter new markets.
10月9日，滿載俄羅斯進口麵粉的專列抵達濟南
以中歐班列為代表的國際跨境鐵路運輸已成為中國開展國家貿易陸路運輸的主要方式。中國國家鐵路集團有限公司數據顯示，2019年1月-8月，中歐班列開行5266列，去程2845列，回程2421列，開行數量和質量都有很大提升，中歐班列吸引了大量適合鐵路運輸的貨物，優化了海陸空物流分工，為“一帶一路”建設、中歐間的經貿往來提供了有力支撐。
The international cross-border railway transportation, in which China-Europe Railway Express plays an important role, has become the main way for China to carry out land transportation for foreign trade. According to the data of China State Railway Group Co., Ltd., from January to August 2019, China-Europe Railway Express has operated 5,266 rides, involved 2,845 outbound trips and 2,421 inbound trips. It has greatly improved the service quality as well as increased the number of trains sent. The China-Europe Railway Express has attracted a large number of goods suitable for railway transportation, thus optimizing the division of land, sea and air logistics, and providing strong support for the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative and economic and trade exchanges between China and Europe.
跨境電商大顯身手
Cross-border e-commerce plays an important role
除了物流運輸通道的搭建，跨境電商的逐漸壯大也為農產品貿易開拓了新局面。
In addition to the establishment of logistics and transportation channels, the gradual expansion of cross-border e-commerce has also created a new prospect for agricultural products trade.
中國市場為非洲大陸提供了巨大的機遇
距離盧旺達首都基加利1個多小時車程，在其北部魯裡山中有一個名叫Rwesero的村子，這裡海拔約2000米。當50歲的Kagwera Feau Batiste聽說自己種的咖啡豆通過阿里巴巴平臺賣到了中國消費者手中時，非常興奮。Kagwera有三個孩子，整個家庭幾乎完全依靠種植咖啡的收入生活。與Kagwera家一樣的還有村子裡的60戶家庭，他們組成了咖啡合作社，種植經營著1.7萬棵咖啡樹。在盧旺達，這樣的咖啡種植家庭有40萬戶之多。
In Ruli Mountain, more than one-hour drive from Kigali, capital of Rwanda, lies Rwesero, a village which is about 2,000 meters above sea level. 50-year-old Kagwera Feau Batiste lives in the village. When hearing that his coffee beans were sold to Chinese consumers through the platform of Alibaba, a Chinese e-commerce giant, he got very excited. Kagwera has three children, and the whole family depends almost entirely on the income from growing coffee. In the village, there are another 60 families which also rely on coffer income, just like the Kagwera family. They have formed a coffee cooperative and grow 17,000 coffee trees. In Rwanda, there are 400,000 such families.
盧旺達的生咖啡主要用於出口，購買者多為歐美咖啡公司，包括星巴克、Costa、ILLY等。和烘焙後出售的咖啡豆相比，生咖啡豆的利潤要低很多。雖然盧旺達本土咖啡公司也生產烘焙咖啡豆，但因為國內消費市場和出口市場都很小，烘焙咖啡豆產量非常少。
In this country, green coffee beans are mainly exported to European and American coffee makers, such as Starbucks, Costa, Illycaffè, etc. Compared with roasted coffee beans, the profit of selling green coffee beans is much lower. Although local coffee companies also produce roasted coffee beans, the production of roasted coffee beans is very low due to the small domestic consumption market and export market.
而跨境電商和eWTP（世界電子貿易平臺）的介入正在改變這一切。
The introduction of cross-border e-commerce and Electronic World Trade Platform (eWTP) to the region is helping to change this situation.
阿里巴巴速賣通的“洋小二”
在巴黎出生長大的非洲裔小夥兒Diabate Dean Harry，是天貓國際的一名“洋小二”。2018年6月，他來到盧旺達咖啡種植園，探尋通過電商來改善當地經濟發展的可能性。4個月後，阿里巴巴聚划算平臺“匯聚全球”項目上線，6款來自盧旺達的烘焙咖啡豆銷售火爆。
Diabate Dean Harry, a young African born and raised in Paris, is an employee of Chinese e-commerce platform Tmall Global. In June 2018, he came to Rwanda coffee plantations to explore the possibility of improving local economic development through e-commerce. Four months later, Alibaba’s flash sale marketplace Juhuasuan was launched. Through the platform, six types of roasted coffee beans from Rwanda were quickly sold.
盧旺達總統卡加梅對此非常欣慰：“過去盧旺達農民賣咖啡豆，1公斤收入只有8美元，自從盧旺達加入eWTP後，通過電商平臺把當地的優質咖啡賣給中國消費者，農民收入大大提高。”
Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda, was very pleased with this change, saying: “In the past, Rwandan farmers earned only USD 8 for selling 1 kilogram of coffee beans. Since the country joined the eWTP, it has sold high-quality coffee beans to Chinese consumers through e-commerce platforms, which has greatly increased the farmers’ income.”
如今，足不出戶，在東南亞可以線上買到雲南的茶葉，在中國可以買到印尼的貓屎咖啡、斯里蘭卡的紅茶……跨境電商為農產品國際貿易帶來了新的發展機遇。泰國榴蓮曾在中國一個網購平臺上創造了一分鐘賣出8萬個，總計20萬公斤的銷售紀錄。2018年雙十一的第一個小時裡，厄瓜多爾白蝦在天貓國際平臺上賣出1360萬隻，同比增長591%……
Today, Yunnan’s tea can be bought online in Southeast Asia, and similarly, Indonesia’s Civet coffee and Sri Lanka’s black tea are also available on online platforms in China … cross-border e-commerce has brought new development opportunities for international trade in farm produces. Chinese consumers once ordered 80,000 Thailand’s durians totaling 200,000 kilograms within one minute from an online shopping platform in China. Within one hour after Double 11 Shopping Carnival of 2018 began, 13.6 million Ecuador white shrimps were sold on Tmall Global, an increase of 591% year on year.
浙江義烏西站，集裝箱運輸車準備進入鐵路口岸
天貓生鮮數據顯示，2018年4月至2019年3月，“一帶一路”沿線國家生鮮產品銷量漲幅明顯，個別產品如泰國菠蘿的同比增長幅度達到891%！今年6月，電子商務研究中心發佈的《2018年度中國進口跨境電商發展報告》顯示，2018年包括B2B、B2C、C2C和O2O等模式在內的中國進口跨境電商交易規模達1.9萬億元，同比增長26.7%。其中，跨境電子商務中農產品所佔比重越來越高，成為“一帶一路”農業國際合作中的新亮點。
According to the data of Tmall Fresh, a channel selling fresh produces, from April 2018 to March 2019, the sales volume of fresh products in countries along the Belt and Road increased significantly. Some products such as Thailand’s pineapples reached year-on-year growth rate of 891%. In June this year, the annual report on the development of China’s cross-border import e-commerce released by the e-commerce research center shows that in 2018, the transaction scale of China’s cross-border e-commerce, including business to business (B2B), business to customer (B2C), consumer to consumer (C2C) and online to offline (O2O) models, reached RMB 1.9 trillion, with a year-on-year growth of 26.7%. Of these, the proportion of agricultural produces in cross-border e-commerce is getting increasingly higher, becoming a new highlight of the international cooperation in the agricultural sector under the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative.
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國內統一連續出版物號：CN51-1788/F
國際標準連續出版物號：ISSN2096-2886
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主編：鄧灼
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