Heroes feature prominently in the wars, myths, and literature of the ancient world. Not all of these people would be heroes by today's standards, and some wouldn't be by Classical Greek standards, either. What makes a hero changes with the era, but it's often tied up with concepts of bravery and virtue.
英雄在古代世界的戰爭、神話和文學中扮演著重要的角色。以今天的標準來看，並不是所有這些人都會成為英雄，有些人也不會成為古希臘的英雄。英雄的標準會隨著時代的變遷而改變，但它往往與勇敢和美德聯繫在一起。
The ancient Greeks and Romans were among the best at documenting the adventures of their heroes. These tales tell the stories of many of the biggest names in ancient history as well as its greatest triumphs and tragedies.
古希臘和羅馬人最擅長記錄他們英雄的冒險經歷。這些故事講述了古代歷史上許多最著名的人物的故事，以及他們最偉大的勝利和悲劇。
The Great Greek Heroes of Mythology 偉大的希臘神話英雄
Achilles.阿基里斯
Heroes in Greek legends usually performed dangerous feats, killed villains and monsters, and won the hearts of local maidens. They may also have been guilty of numerous acts of murder, rape, and sacrilege.
希臘神話中的英雄通常會表演危險的絕技，殺死壞人和怪物，贏得當地少女的心。他們還可能犯下許多謀殺、強姦和褻瀆神聖的罪行。
Names like Achilles, Hercules, Odysseus, and Perseus are among the best-known in Greek mythology. Their stories are ones for the ages, but do you remember Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, or Atalanta, one of the few women heroes?
阿基里斯、大力神赫拉克勒斯、奧德修斯和珀爾修斯等名字都是希臘神話中最著名的名字。他們的故事千古流傳，但你還記得底比斯(Thebes)的創始人卡德摩斯(Cadmus)以及少數女英雄之一亞特拉大嗎?
Persian War Heroes 波斯戰爭英雄
Leonidas，來奧尼達斯
The Greco-Persian Wars lasted from 492 through 449 B.C.E. During this time, the Persians tried to invade the Greek states, leading to many great battles and equally notable heroes.
希臘-波斯戰爭從公元前492年持續到公元前449年。在此期間，波斯人試圖入侵希臘，導致了許多偉大的戰爭和同樣著名的英雄。
King Darius of Persia was the first to try. He was pitted against the likes of the Athenian Miltiades who was instrumental in the battle of Marathon.
波斯的大流士國王是第一個嘗試的人。他與雅典人米提亞德這樣的人競爭，米提亞德在馬拉松比賽中發揮了重要作用。
More famously, Persian King Xerxes also tried to take over Greece, but this time he had men like Aristides and Themistocles to contend with. Yet, it was King Leonidas and his 300 Spartan soldiers who gave Xerxes the biggest headache during the unforgettable Battle at Thermopylae in 480 B.C.E.
更著名的是，波斯國王薛西斯也試圖接管希臘，但這次他有阿里斯蒂德和忒米斯托克利斯這樣的人要對付。然而，在公元前480年的塞莫皮萊戰役中，列奧尼達國王和他的300名斯巴達士兵讓薛西斯最頭痛。
Spartan Heroes 斯巴達英雄
Mattpopovich
Sparta was a military state where the boys were trained from an early age to become soldiers fighting for the common good. There was less individualism among the Spartans than the Athenians and because of this, fewer heroes stand out.
斯巴達是一個軍事國家，男孩們從小就被訓練成為為共同利益而戰的士兵。與雅典人相比，斯巴達人的個人主義更少，因此，能脫穎而出的英雄也更少。
Well before the time of King Leonidas, Lycurgus the lawgiver was a bit of a trickster. He had given the Spartans a set of laws to follow until his return from a journey. However, he never did come back, so the Spartans were left to honor their agreement.
早在列奧尼達國王時代之前，立法者利庫格斯就有點像個騙子。他給了斯巴達人一套法律，直到他旅行歸來。然而，他再也沒有回來，所以斯巴達人只好遵守他們的約定。
In more classical hero style, Lysander became known during the Peloponnesian War in 407 B.C.E. He was famed for commanding the Spartan fleets and was later killed when Sparta went to war with Thebes in 395.
拉山德在公元前407年伯羅奔尼撒戰爭期間以指揮斯巴達艦隊而聞名，後來在395年斯巴達與底比斯交戰時被殺。
Early Heroes of Rome 早期羅馬英雄
Brutus，布魯圖斯
The quintessential early Roman hero was the Trojan prince Aeneas, a figure from both Greek and Roman legend. He embodied the virtues important to the Romans, including familial piety and proper behavior towards the gods.
典型的早期羅馬英雄是特洛伊王子埃涅阿斯，一個來自希臘和羅馬傳說的人物。他體現了羅馬人重要的美德，包括家庭虔誠和對神的正確行為。
In early Rome, we also saw the likes of the farmer turned dictator and consul Cincinnatus and Horatius Cocles who successfully defended the first major bridge of Rome. Yet, for all their might, few could stand up to the legend of Brutus, who was instrumental in establishing the Roman Republic.
在早期的羅馬，我們也看到了農民變成獨裁者和執政官辛辛納圖斯和荷拉提烏斯·考克利斯，他們成功地保衛了羅馬的第一座主要橋樑。然而，儘管他們竭盡全力，卻很少有人能與布魯圖斯的傳說相抗衡，布魯圖斯在建立羅馬共和國的過程中發揮了重要作用。
The Great Julius Caesar
Caesar，凱撒
Few leaders in Ancient Rome are as well-known as Julius Caesar. In his short life from 102 to 44 B.C.E., Caesar left a lasting impression on Roman history. He was a general, statesman, lawgiver, orator, and historian. Most famously, he did not fight a war he did not win.
在古羅馬，很少有領導人像尤里烏斯·凱撒那樣有名。在他短暫的一生中，從公元前102年到公元前44年愷撒在羅馬歷史上留下了深遠的影響。他是一位將軍、政治家、立法者、演說家和歷史學家。最著名的是，他沒有打一場他沒有打贏的戰爭。
Julius Caesar was the first of the 12 Caesars of Rome. Yet, he was not the only Roman hero of his time. Other notable names in the final years of the Roman Republic included Gaius Marius, "Felix" Lucius Cornelius Sulla, and Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great).
凱撒大帝是羅馬12任凱撒大帝中的第一位。然而，他並不是他那個時代唯一的羅馬英雄。羅馬共和國末期的其他著名人物包括蓋尤斯·馬呂斯、“菲利克斯”盧修斯·科尼留斯·蘇拉和龐培·馬格納斯(龐培大帝)。
On the flip side, this period in Roman history also saw the great slave rebellion led by the heroic Spartacus. This gladiator was once a Roman legionnaire and in the end, he led an army of 70,000 men against Rome.
另一方面，這一時期的羅馬歷史也見證了由英勇的斯巴達克斯領導的奴隸起義。這個角鬥士曾經是羅馬軍團的一員，最後，他率領一支7萬人的軍隊對抗羅馬。
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