本例環境為 Mysql5.6
阿里雲 RDS / Mysql 5.6
本地環境Ubuntu 14.04 / Mysql 5.6
安裝Percona Xtrabackup
wget https://repo.percona.com/apt/percona-release_0.1-5.$(lsb_release -sc)_all.deb
dpkg -i percona-release_0.1-5.$(lsb_release -sc)_all.deb
apt-get update
apt-get install percona-xtrabackup-24
安裝mysql服務和客戶端
apt-get install mysql-server-5.6 mysql-client-5.6
/etc/init.d/mysql stop
下載RDS數據庫備份文件
wget -c '< 數據備份文件外網下載地址>' -O < 自定義文件名>.tar.gz
解壓備份文件（本例以/home/mysql/data目錄為例，請自行修改）
bash rds_backup_extract.sh -f < 數據備份文件名>.tar.gz -C /home/mysql/data
恢復解壓好的文件
innobackupex --defaults-file=/home/mysql/data/backup-my.cnf --apply-log /home/mysql/data
修改backup-my.cnf參數
vim /home/mysql/data/backup-my.cnf
# This MySQL options file was generated by >>innobackupex.
# The MySQL server
[mysqld]
innodb_checksum_algorithm=innodb
#innodb_log_checksum_algorithm=innodb
innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:200M:autoextend
innodb_log_files_in_group=2
innodb_log_file_size=1048576000
#innodb_fast_checksum=false
innodb_page_size=16384
#innodb_log_block_size=512
innodb_undo_directory=.
innodb_undo_tablespaces=0
#rds_encrypt_data=false
#innodb_encrypt_algorithm=aes_128_ecb
修改文件屬主
chown -R mysql:mysql /home/mysql/data
啟動MySQL進程
mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/home/mysql/data/backup-my.cnf --user=mysql --datadir=/home/mysql/data
登錄MySQL數據庫進行修改
mysql -uroot
mysql>delete from mysql.db where user<>'root' and char_length(user)>0;delete from mysql.tables_priv where user<>'root' and char_length(user)>0;flush privileges;
mysql>use mysql;
mysql>drop table slave_master_info;
mysql>drop table slave_relay_log_info;
mysql>drop table slave_worker_info;
mysql>drop table innodb_index_stats;
mysql>drop table innodb_table_stats;
mysql>source /usr/share/mysql/mysql_system_tables.sql
mysql>quit
mysqladmin shutdown
修改my.cnf（把backup-my.cnf參數複製到my.cnf）
vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf
[client]
port = 3306
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
[mysqld_safe]
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
nice = 0
[mysqld]
user = mysql
pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
port = 3306
basedir = /usr
datadir = /home/mysql/data
tmpdir = /tmp
lc-messages-dir = /usr/share/mysql
skip-external-locking
myisam-recover = BACKUP
log_error = /var/log/mysql/error.log
#阿里雲RDS優化配置
auto_increment_increment = 1
auto_increment_offset = 1
back_log = 3000
binlog_cache_size = 1M
binlog_checksum = CRC32
binlog_row_image = full
binlog_stmt_cache_size = 32768
character_set_server = utf8
concurrent_insert = 1
connect_timeout = 10
default_storage_engine = InnoDB
default_time_zone = SYSTEM
default_week_format = 0
delayed_insert_limit = 100
delayed_insert_timeout = 300
delayed_queue_size = 1000
delay_key_write = ON
div_precision_increment = 4
eq_range_index_dive_limit = 10
explicit_defaults_for_timestamp = false
ft_min_word_len = 4
ft_query_expansion_limit = 20
group_concat_max_len = 1024
innodb_adaptive_hash_index = ON
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 2097152
innodb_autoinc_lock_mode = 1
innodb_concurrency_tickets = 500
innodb_ft_max_token_size = 84
innodb_ft_min_token_size = 3
innodb_large_prefix = 0
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 75
innodb_old_blocks_pct = 37
innodb_old_blocks_time = 0
innodb_online_alter_log_max_size = 134217728
innodb_open_files = 300
innodb_print_all_deadlocks = OFF
innodb_purge_batch_size = 20
innodb_purge_threads = 1
innodb_read_ahead_threshold = 56
innodb_read_io_threads = 4
innodb_rollback_on_timeout = OFF
innodb_stats_method = nulls_equal
innodb_stats_on_metadata = OFF
innodb_stats_sample_pages = 8
innodb_strict_mode = OFF
innodb_table_locks = ON
innodb_thread_concurrency = 0
innodb_thread_sleep_delay = 10000
innodb_write_io_threads = 4
interactive_timeout = 7200
key_cache_age_threshold = 300
key_cache_block_size = 1024
key_cache_division_limit = 100
log_queries_not_using_indexes = OFF
long_query_time = 1
#loose_max_statement_time = 0
#loose_rds_indexstat = OFF
#loose_rds_max_tmp_disk_space = 10737418240
#loose_rds_tablestat = ON
#loose_rds_threads_running_high_watermark = 50000
#loose_tokudb_buffer_pool_ratio = 0
lower_case_table_names = 1
low_priority_updates = 0
max_allowed_packet = 1024M
max_connect_errors = 20
max_length_for_sort_data = 1024
max_prepared_stmt_count = 16382
max_write_lock_count = 102400
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 262144
net_read_timeout = 30
net_retry_count = 10
net_write_timeout = 60
open_files_limit = 65535
performance_schema = OFF
query_alloc_block_size = 8192
query_cache_limit = 1048576
query_cache_size = 0
query_cache_type = 1
query_cache_wlock_invalidate = OFF
query_prealloc_size = 8192
#rds_reset_all_filter = 0
slow_launch_time = 2
sql_mode =
table_definition_cache = 512
table_open_cache = 2000
thread_stack = 262144
tmp_table_size = 262144
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
wait_timeout = 86400
#優化結束
#GTID設置
server-id = 148
log-bin = mysql.bin
log-bin-index = mysql-bin.index
log-slave-updates = 1
skip_slave_start = 1
relay-log = relay-log
relay_log_index = relay-log.index
expire_logs_days = 0
max_binlog_size = 500M
default-storage-engine=INNODB
master-info-repository=TABLE
relay-log-info_repository=TABLE
binlog-format=ROW
gtid-mode=on
enforce-gtid-consistency=true
#backup-my.cnf參數
innodb_checksum_algorithm=innodb
#innodb_log_checksum_algorithm=innodb
innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:200M:autoextend
innodb_log_files_in_group=2
innodb_log_file_size=1048576000
#innodb_fast_checksum=false
innodb_page_size=16384
#innodb_log_block_size=512
innodb_undo_directory=.
innodb_undo_tablespaces=0
#backup-my.cnf結束
replicate-ignore-db=mysql
replicate-ignore-db=test
replicate-ignore-db=information_schema
replicate-ignore-db=performance_schema
replicate-do-db=db1
replicate-do-db=db2
#GTID結束
[mysqldump]
quick
quote-names
max_allowed_packet = 16M
[mysql]
[isamchk]
key_buffer = 16M
!includedir /etc/mysql/conf.d/
注：my.cnf的參數可以參考RDS的參數，我這裡是照搬，請自己對照情況進行修改。
設置slave(請先在rds控制檯創建一個用來同步的賬戶，建議只讀)
/etc/init.d/mysql/restart
cat /home/data/mysql/xtrabackup_slave_info
#文件裡面就兩段字，複製下來，待會用到。
mysql -uroot
mysql>SET GLOBAL gtid_purged='xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx:1-123456';
mysql>CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='RDS外網地址', MASTER_PORT=3306, MASTER_USER='RDS同步賬號', MASTER_PASSWORD='RDS同步密碼', MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1;
mysql>START SLAVE;
mysql>SHOW SLAVE STATUS G
問題解答
首次啟動數據庫出現如下提示
[ERROR] InnoDB: ./ibdata1 can't be opened in read-write mode
[ERROR] InnoDB: The system tablespace must be writable!
[ERROR] Plugin 'InnoDB' init function returned error.
[ERROR] Plugin 'InnoDB' registration as a STORAGE ENGINE failed.
[ERROR] Unknown/unsupported storage engine: InnoDB
[ERROR] Aborting
PS：重啟服務器即可，刪除ib*什麼的不管用。
unknown variable 'xxxx'
[ERROR]/usr/sbin/mysqld: unknown variable 'xxxx'
PS:到my.cnf裡面註釋xxxx
Table './mysql/xxx' 報錯
[ERROR] /usr/sbin/mysqld: Table './mysql/db' is marked as crashed and should be repaired
[Warning] Checking table: './mysql/db'
[ERROR] 1 client is using or hasn't closed the table properly
[ERROR] /usr/sbin/mysqld: Table './mysql/event' is marked as crashed and should be repaired
[Warning] Checking table: './mysql/event'
[ERROR] 1 client is using or hasn't closed the table properly
PS：使用myisamchk -c -r /home/mysql/data/db/tablesname.MYI修復即可
information that should help you find out what is causing the crash.
It is possible that mysqld could use up to key_buffer_size + (read_buffer_size + sort_buffer_size)*max_threads = 68104 K bytes of memory Hope that's ok; if not, decrease some variables in the equation.
Thread pointer: 0xxxxxxxxxxxxx
Attempting backtrace. You can use the following information to find out where mysqld died. If you see no messages after this, something went
terribly wrong...
PS：...他只是卡住了而已，my.cnf裡面部分參數設置不當，等一會就可以連了。。別問我為什麼知道。。
同步時報1236錯誤
[ERROR] Error reading packet from server: The slave is connecting using CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_AUTO_POSITION = 1, but the master has purged binary logs containing GTIDs that the slave requires. (server_errno=1236)
ERROR] Slave I/O: Got fatal error 1236 from master when reading data from binary log: 'The slave is connecting using CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_AUTO_POSITION = 1, but the master has purged binary logs containing GTIDs that the slave requires.', Error_code: 1236
[ERROR] Error reading packet from server: The slave is connecting using CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_AUTO_POSITION = 1, but the master has purged binary logs containing GTIDs that the slave requires. (server_errno=1236)
PS:重新從RDS獲取新的備份（當前的新備份）
最後，本地my.cnf裡面的配置，如果你不知道有些參數數值應該設置多少，可以登陸RDS服務器使用show命令進行查詢，查詢到的數值單位是字節，不會換算自己百度用工具換算一下就行，上文中關於my.cnf阿里雲優化的部分，全部使用了RDS控制檯裡面的參數（導出複製進去就行，記得註釋掉有rds的參數），RDS裡面沒有的參數，你本地可以直接註釋掉。
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