2018年7月3日，世界衛生組織專家、耶魯大學精神病學家Bandy X. Lee和哥倫比亞大學教授Jeffrey D. Sachs聯名發表文章《特朗普的精神病日益惡化》，由於小編實在缺乏病理學和心理學知識，無從判斷本文是高級黑還是嚴肅認真的，故全文中英對照僅供參考。
觀點不代表本機構立場
特朗普的精神病日益惡化
作者：Bandy X. Lee；Jeffrey D. Sachs
編譯：學術plus
原載：www.project-syndicate.org
Seemingly every day now, US President Donald Trump escalates his policy and personal attacks against other countries and their heads of state, the poor and the weak, and migrant families. Most recently, Trump has championed the heartless separation of migrant children from their parents. Though public outrage may have forced him to retreat, his disposition to attack will soon make itself felt elsewhere.
如今，美國總統唐納德•特朗普(Donald Trump)針對其他國家、國家元首、窮人和弱勢群體以及移民家庭的人身攻擊似乎每天都在升級。最近他又支持將移民子女與父母無情地分離。儘管公眾的憤怒可能迫使他退卻，但他的攻擊傾向很快就會在其他地方產生影響。
Most pundits interpret Trump’s outbursts as playing to his political base, or preening for the cameras, or blustering for the sake of striking future deals. We take a different view. In line with many of America’s renowned mental-health experts, we believe that Trump suffers from several psychological pathologies that render him a clear and present danger to the world.
大多數專家認為，特朗普的爆發是在迎合他的政治基礎，或是在鏡頭前擺架子，或是為了達成未來的交易而怒吼。我們持不同的觀點，與美國許多著名的心理健康專家一樣，我們認為特朗普患有幾種心理疾病，這讓他對世界構成了明顯而現實的危險。
Trump shows signs of at least three dangerous traits: paranoia, lack of empathy, and sadism. Paranoia is a form of detachment from reality in which an individual perceives threats that do not exist. The paranoid individual can create dangers for others in the course of fighting against imaginary threats. Lack of empathy can derive from an individual’s preoccupation with the self and a view of others as mere tools. Harming others causes no remorse when it serves one’s own purposes. Sadism means finding pleasure in inflicting pain or humiliating others, especially those who represent a perceived threat or a reminder of one’s weaknesses.
特朗普至少表現出三種危險的特徵:偏執、缺乏同情心和虐待狂。偏執是一種脫離現實的症狀，在這種情況下，個體感知到假想的威脅，偏執的人會在對抗假想威脅時給他人制造危險。缺乏同理心源自對自我的專注，以及將他人視為工具的心理，為了達到自己的目的而傷害他人並不會引起他們的愧疚感。虐待狂指的通過羞辱他人或令他人痛苦而獲得快樂感，尤其是那些表現出明顯威脅或指出自己弱點的人。
We believe that Trump has these traits. We base our conclusion on observations of his actions, his known life history, and many reports by others, rather than as the finding of an independent psychiatric examination, which we have previously called for, and call for again. But we do not need a complete picture to recognize that Trump is already a growing danger to the world. Psychological expertise tells us that such traits tend to worsen in individuals who gain power over others.
我們相信特朗普具有這些症候。我們的結論是基於對他行為的觀察，他已知的生活史，以及尋多其他人的報告；而非基於我們之前曾要求、並在此繼續呼籲的獨立精神病檢查。但我們無需要更全面的信息就已經發現，特朗普對世界構成了越來越大的危險。心理學專業知識告訴我們，以上精神特質往往會在那些權力超過他人的個體中惡化。
To justify his belligerent actions, Trump lies relentlessly and remorselessly. In fact, according to a Washington Post analysis, Trump has made over 3,000 false or misleading claims since taking office. And, the Post notes, his lying seems to have escalated in recent weeks. Moreover, Trump’s confidants describe him as increasingly likely to ignore any moderating advice offered by those around him. There are no “grownups in the room” who can stop him as he surrounds himself with corrupt and bellicose cronies prepared to do his bidding – all of which is entirely predictable from his psychology.
為了證明自己好鬥的合理性，特朗普肆無忌憚的撒謊。根據《華盛頓郵報》的分析報告，特朗普自上任以來已經發表了3000多篇虛假或誤導性的言論，最近幾周，他的謊言似乎升級了。此外特朗普的心腹人士稱，他越來越無視身邊人提供的任何溫和建議。“屋子裡沒有成年人”能阻止他，因為他周圍都是腐敗和好戰的密友，他們準備按他的要求行事，這一切都完全可以從他的心理中得到預測。
Trump’s wild exaggerations in recent weeks reveal the increasing severity of his symptoms. Consider, for example, his repeated claims that the vague outcome of his meeting with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un constitutes an end to the nuclear threat posed by Kim’s regime, or his blatant lie that Democrats, rather than his own policies, caused the forced separation of migrant children from their parents at the southern border with Mexico. The Post recently counted 29 false or misleading statements in a mere one-hour rally. Whether intentional or delusional, this level of persistent lying is pathological.
最近幾周特朗普的誇大其詞，表明他的症狀越來越嚴重。例如他一再聲稱他與朝鮮領導人會晤的模糊結果，足以解除金正日政權的核威脅。他公然謊稱導致在墨西哥南部邊境強迫移民兒童與父母分離是民主黨而不是他的政策。最近他在一個小時的集會發言中，就有29個虛假或誤導性的陳述。
無論是有意還是妄想，這種持續性撒謊都是一種病態。Since Trump actually lacks the ability to impose his will on others, his approach guarantees an endless cycle of threats, counter-threats, and escalation. He follows any tactical retreat with renewed aggression. Such is the case with the spiraling tit-for-tat trade war now underway between Trump and a widening circle of countries and economies, including Canada, Mexico, China, and the European Union. The same is true of Trump’s unilateral withdrawal from a growing number of international agreements and bodies, including the Paris climate agreement, the Iran nuclear deal, and, most recently, the United Nations Human Rights Council, after it criticized US policies towards the poor.
由於特朗普實際上缺乏將自己的意志強加於人的能力，他就促成了一個無休止的威脅、反威脅和升級的循環。緊隨著戰術退卻而重新發動進攻。特朗普與加拿大、墨西哥、中國和歐盟(eu)等日益擴大的國家和經濟體之間的針鋒相對的貿易戰正在愈演愈烈。特朗普單方面退出越來越多的國際協議和機構，包括《巴黎氣候協議》、《伊朗核協議》，以及最近的聯合國人權理事會，此前該機構批評了美國對窮人的政策。
Trump’s paranoia is translating into heightened geopolitical tensions. Traditional allies, not accustomed to dealing with US leaders with severe mental defects, are clearly shaken, while adversaries appear to be taking advantage. Many of Trump’s supporters seem to interpret his shameless lying as bold truth-telling, and pundits and foreign leaders tend to believe that his bizarre lashing out reflects a political strategy. Yet this is a misunderstanding. Trump’s actions are being “explained” as rational and even bold, whereas they more likely are manifestations of severe psychological problems.
特朗普的偏執正在轉化為地緣政治緊張局勢加劇。傳統的盟友，不習慣與有嚴重精神缺陷的美國領導人打交道，顯然已經動搖了，而對手似乎正在佔據優勢。特朗普的支持者似乎將他無恥的謊言解釋為大膽的說實話，專家和外國領導人傾向於相信，他的奇談怪論是一種政治策略。然而這是一種誤解，特朗普的行為更可能是嚴重心理問題的表現。
History abounds with mentally impaired individuals who have gained vast power as would-be saviors, only to become despots who gravely damage their societies and others. Their strength of will and promises of national greatness entice a public following; but if there is one lesson of this kind of pathology in power, it is that the long-term results are inescapably catastrophic for all.
人類歷史上充斥著精神有問題的人，他們以救世主的形象獲得了巨大的權力，卻成為了嚴重破壞社會和他人的暴君。他們的意志和對偉大國家的承諾，吸引了公眾的追隨；但如果說這種病態在權力中有一個教訓的話，那就是長期看這對所有人來說都是一場不可避免的災難。
We should not remain immobilized by fear of a future disaster. A leader with dangerous signs of paranoia, lack of empathy, and sadism should not remain in the presidency, lest he commit devastating damage. Any appropriate measure to remove the danger – the ballot box, impeachment, or invocation of the US Constitution’s 25th Amendment – would help restore our safety.
我們不要因害怕未來的災難而裹足不前。一個偏執狂、缺乏同理心和虐待狂的領導人不應該繼續擔任美國總統，為免造成毀滅性的傷害，任何消除危險的適當措施，投票、彈劾或援引美國憲法第25修正案之規定，都將有助於恢復我們的安全。
（全文完）
（1）Bandy X. Lee，耶魯大學醫學院的法醫精神病學家，世界衛生組織項目負責人。
（2）Jeffrey D. Sachs，哥倫比亞大學衛生政策與管理教授，可持續發展中心和聯合國可持續發展解決方案主任。
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