「高中英語」英語語法——動詞時態的構成和用法

「高中英語」英語語法——動詞時態的構成和用法

動詞時態的構成和用法

1.一般現在時: 構成:動詞原形或動詞原形+s/es被動語態構成:am/is/are + 動詞-ed(am, is, are表示現在, 動詞-ed表示被動)。用法:表示現在的情況、動作或事件。2)表示不斷重複的動作,或經常性、習慣性的動作。通常與often, always, sometimes, every + 時間名詞連用。

3)表示客觀事實,即過去、現在、將來都不會改變的情況。

4)表示將來,用於談論時間表、日程表、節目單等安排好的活動。

2.現在進行時:

構成:am/is/are + 動詞-ing(am, is, are表示現在, 動詞-ing表示進行)

被動語態構成:am/is/are + being + 動詞-ed

用法:

表示現在或現階段正在進行的動作或事件,常常與now, at the moment, just等連用。

表示暫時的情況。 3)表示重複的動作:常與always, constantly, continually, forever等連用,表示不斷重複的動作。4)表示將來的動作:指事先安排好的動作,通常需要有上下文或時間狀語。 轉移動詞常常用於進行時表示將來的動作.

比較 Look! The train is leaving.

現在進行時與一般現在時比較:

1)一般現在時著重表示某人或某物現在的情況;現在進行時則強調現在暫時性的或現階段的動作。2)一般現在時表示時間表上的安排; 現在進行時表示將來的計劃

3)一般現在時表示某人的情況或為人, 現在進行時表示某人不斷重複的動作, 通常有著某種感情色彩.

注意:由於進行時表示的是正在發生的動作,因此,表示狀態、結果、情感、思維等的動詞不可用於進行時。這類動詞有:

狀態類:add up(有意義), afford, appear(似乎), belong to, come about, come from(出生地), contain, cost, differ from, equal, feel(摸起來), fit, happen to, have/have got, hold(容納), include, keep +動詞-ing, know(認識), look(看起來), mean(意思是), own, possess, prove(證明是), seem, smell, sound, stand for, taste, etc.

結果類:catch(聽懂), find(發現) hear, make out(弄懂), notice, observe, see, smell(聞到), taste(嚐到), etc.

情感類:admire, appreciate, astonish, attract, believe in, care about, dare, dislike, doubt, envy, fear, hate, hope, impress, interest, like, love, mean, mind, please, regret, respect, can't stand, trust, value, etc.

思維類:agree, appreciate, believe, consider(認為), disagree, disbelieve, expect, feel, figure(美:捉摸), find, get it(弄懂), guess, hear, hear about, hear of, hope, imagine, know(知道), realize, recognize, regard, see, see through, suppose, tell(辨 認), think(認為), understand, wonder, etc.

3)一般過去時:

構成:動詞的過去時形式(動詞-ed或不規則的過去時形式。)

被動語態構成:was/were + 動詞-ed(was, were表示過去, 動詞-ed表示被動)

用法:

1)表示已經結束的動作:指過去發生而現在己結束的事件、動作或情況,可以是最近發生的,也可能是很久前發生的。 2)表示過去的習慣:常常與often, usually, always等連用。比較一般現在時的第三種用法。 3)表示剛發生的事,通常不必說明時間。

4.過去進行時: 構成:was/were + 動詞-ing (was, were表示過去, 動詞-ing表示進行)

被動語態構成:was/were + being + 動詞-ed

用法:

1)表示過去某時正在進行的情況,常常與 then, at that moment, just等連用。

2)表示某事發生前正在進行的動作,通常表示這一動作被後發生的事所中斷。

3)表示強調同時進行的動作。 4)表示重複的行為:與現在進行時第三種用法相似。

5.現在完成時:

構成:has/have + 動詞-ed (have, has表示現 在, 動詞-ed表示完成)

被動語態構成:has/have + been + 動詞-ed

用法:

1)表示過去開始並持續到現在的動作,常常與以下時間詞語連用:before(now)(在此以前), It's the first time...(第一次), so far(到目前為止), since + 時間(從過去某時到現在為止), up till now(直到現在), up to the present(直到目前), ever(任何時候), never(從不,不僅僅用於完成時), for + 時間(不僅僅用於完成時), in/for the past + 時間(過去多長時間以來)。現在完成時的這一用法要求動詞必須是持續動詞,非持續動詞不可用於這一時態。如:

China has changed a great deal in the past 20 years.

It has rained every day so far this month.

It's the first time I have been in this town.

(注:不能用have come)

如果需要表示瞬間動詞的持續時間, 可以用 "It's

時間 + since…"的句子結構來表示.

如: It's 6 months since Tom came here.

= Tom has been here for 6 months.

對於現在完成時不能望文生義,完成時在表示持續

動作時其實並未完成,動作尚未結束,還在持續之

中;而一般過去時的動作才是已經結束的動作。

2)強調過去動作對現在的影響和結果。過去動作雖然已經完成,但仍然存在著影響或結果。如:

Have you passed your driving test?

Where have you put the dictionary? I can't find it anywhere.

在說明具體情況時要用過去時。如:

I passed my driving test when I was 16 years old.

I put the dictionary in my desk.

強調過去動作對現在的影響和結果時,可以使用非持續動詞。

3)表示最近發生的動作。常常與just, already, yet, still, recently等連用。

如: He has recently moved in here from New York.

My car has just been repaired.

Have you typed the letters already?

She still haven't past her driving test.

4)表示反覆性或習慣性。常常與often, frequently及表示次數之類的詞連用。如

She has attended classes regularly. She has always worked hard.

I have watched him appear on TV several times.

6.過去完成時:

構成:had + 動詞-ed

被動語態構成:had + been + 動詞-ed

用法:

1)表示較早的過去,即發生在過去某時之前並已經結束的動作(所謂過去的過去時)。注意,過去完成時必須用於表示某個時間之前的動作,必須有一過去時間參照點。常常與以下表示時間的詞語連用:already, ever, for +一段時間,since + 具體時間, just, never, never...before, etc.

2)強調動作的完成,通常與 by + 具體時間連用。

3)表示未能實現的希望或願望。通常使用 expect, hope, mean, suppose, think, want, intend等動詞的過去完成時(包括過去時、過去進行時)表示想做未做的事。

4)與No sooner...than(才...就), 或 Hardly/Scarcely /Barely...when(才/剛剛/僅僅...就)連用。如: Mr. Green had no sooner begun his speech than he was interrupted.

當 no sooner, hardly, scarcely, barely出現在句首時, 句子結構應使用倒裝句.

如: Hardly(scarcely/barely) had he arrived when his wife left.

5)使用過去完成時的必要性和非必要性:

在句子意思十分清楚時,不必使用過去完成時。如

After I (had) finished, I went home.

在使用when引導的時間狀語從句時,必須精確表達正確的時間先後關係。

如: When I arrived, she left for the station. (同時發生的動作)

When I arrived, she had left for the station. (先離開)

6)在上下文中的過去完成時的用法:主要側重於確定事件發生的順序。如

When we returned from our holidays, we found our house in a mess(亂七八糟). What had happened while we had been away? A burglar had broken into the house and had stolen a lot of our things.(由於被盜時間和回家時間的先後關係已經確定,所以接下來仍用一般過去時) The burglar got in through the kitchen window. He had no difficulty in forcing it open...

過去完成時與一般過去時的比較:過去完成時表示的動作發生在一般過去時的動作之前,或必須有一個過去時間作為參照點,表示動作在這一時間之前完成,特別是在與when或by + 過去時間連用時。如

When he arrived at the station, the train

had already left.

He had learned how to play the piano by

the age of six.

7.一般將來時:

構成:shall/will + 動詞原形

被動語態構成:shall/will + be +動詞-ed

其它形式:

am/is/are + going to + 動詞原形(打算做)

am/is/are + to + 動詞原形(要求做)

am/is/are + about to + 動詞原形(正要做)

am/is/are + on the point of + 動詞-ing(正要做)

am/is/are + due to + 動詞原形(預定要做)

注:shall用於第一人稱,特別是用於疑問句、否定句中。Will可以用於所有人稱。當用於第一人稱時,願意或不願意。Shall在特定的情況下,也可以用於第二、三人稱,表示許諾、命令、威脅等用法:1)shall/will可以用來表示設想會發生的事。如:

It will rain tomorrow. 其它用法,表示不同的語氣。如:

I'll buy you a bicycle for your birthday.(允諾)

Will you hold the door open for me ,please?(請求)

Shall I get your coat for you?(提議)

Shall we go for a swim tomorrow?(建議)

Just wait---you'll regret this.(威脅)

2)Will在正式語體中表示計劃安排的事情,尤其是書面語,多用will而不用 be going to。如

The wedding will take place on June 27th.

The conference will be at the Hinjiang

3)Will/shall常常用於表示希望、期待等意義的動詞後,這類動詞有be sure, be afraid, believe, doubt, expect, hope, suppose, think,etc. 如: I hope you'll come again.

He is sure that he will succeed.

其它形式用法1) am/is/are + going to do:表示不久即將發生的事,說話人也許對此預先有所瞭解。但是在正式語體中,多用will而不用be going to。如

Oh, look. It's going to rain. (There are black clouds in the sky.)

They are going to be married soon. (Her brother told me that.)

還可以表示意圖、打算等。如:

I'm going to practice the piano for 2 hours this evening.

We are going to see a film this Saturday evening.

但是,在表示說話時決定某事時,用will, 不用 be going

to。如: We are really lost. I'll stop and ask someone

the way. 如果想明確表示意圖和打算,則用 intend to,

plan to 不用 be going to。如:

They are going to build a new motorway to the west.

They plan to build a new motorway to the west.(明

確打算)2) am/is/are to do:表示為人所控制,如正式的安排或公務、指示或命令、公告或禁止等。如:OPEC(歐佩克) representatives are to meet in Geneva

next Tuesday.

You are to deliver these flowers before 10:00.

You are not to tell him anything about our plans.

POISIN: NOT TO BE TAKEN!

3) am/is/are about to do表示不久的將來,即將、很快就會發生的動作。

如: Look! The race is about to start.

4) am/is/are on the point of doing:表示更近的將來。

如: Look! They are on the point of starting.

5) am/is/are due to do:表示時刻表,旅行計劃的安排。

如: The BA(英航) 561 is due to arrive at 14:15.

8.過去將來時:

構成:was/were going to + 動詞原形 (打算要)

was about to + 動詞原形 (正要) was to + 動詞原形/was to have + 動詞-ed(註定要)

was on the point of + 動詞-ing(正要) was due to + 動詞原形(預定要)

would + 動詞原形(只用於一定的上下文、間接引語).

用法:

1)表示過去預計會發生併發生了的事。如

I couldn't go to Tom's party as I was about to go into hospital

2) 也可表示過去無法預見的結果。如

Little did they know they were to meet again 10 years later.

3)表示過去因故中斷,被妨礙或被阻止的動作。如

We were just going to leave when Tom fell and hurt his knee.

4)表示註定要發生的事。

如 : Einstein was still a young man. His discoveries had not been published yet. But they were to change the whole world.

5)用於間接引語以及表示現在的虛擬語氣句子中.

如: Tom said that he would do better next time.

If he worked hard, he would pass the examination this time.

9.現在完成進行時:

構成:has/have + been + 動詞-ing

用法:

1)表示過去某時開始的動作一直持續到現在,並在持續

期間內不斷進行著。如 : I have been working for five years.

It has been raining since last Friday.

2)表示重複的動作。如: Jim has been ringing John every night for the last week.

3)表示根據直接或間接證據而得出結論,很少使用一般現在時。如:

Your eyes are red. You've been crying.

現在完成進行時與現在完成時的區別:

I have painted this room.(已完成) I have been painting this room.(末完成)

It has rain all the week.(中途或者中斷過)

It has been raining all the day.(中途未停止過)10.過去完成進行時:

構成:had been + 動詞-ing

用法:1)表示過去某時或某動作之前一直進行的動作。如:

He had been working hard by the time he became a lawyer.

2)表示重複的動作。如:

You had been saying that again and again and I could repeat it.

11.將來進行時: 構成:shall/will + be + 動詞-ing

用法:1)表示最近或很久的將來正在進行的動作。如 Hurry up! The guests will be arriving at any minute!2)表示說話人設想已經安排好的事。如

By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.

3)表示安排和計劃:與現在進行時一樣,表示已計劃好的事,特別是與旅行有關的事。如

We'll be spending the winter in Australia.

12.將來完成時

構成:shall/will have + 動詞-ed

用法:表示將來某時前已經完成的動作,常與 by, not...until + 將來時間連用,以及與下列動詞如 build, complete, finish, believe, expect, hope, suppose連用。如:

I expect you'll have changed you mind by tomorrow.

13.將來完成進行時:

構成:shall/will have been + 動詞-ing

用法:表示某種情況一直持續到說話人提及的時間。如:

By this time next week, I'll have been working for this company for 24 years.

14.過去將來完成時:

構成 would +have +動詞-ed

用法:通常用於虛擬語氣表示過去沒有發生過的情況。如:

If I had been you, I would have accepted his invitation.

I would have helped you but I was not free.

附錄1 名詞-s, -es規則

1)在動詞後直接加-s

2)在o, s, x, ch, sh結尾的動詞後面加-es, 如 does, misses, mixes, catches, wishes

3)在輔音+y結尾的動詞後面, 先變y為i, 再加-es, 如 studies.

-s, -es的讀音

清輔音字母后面讀 /s/, 如 works, puts, lets

濁輔音字母后面和元音字母后面讀 /z/ 如 loves, plays

在s, x, ch, sh, ge後面讀 /iz/, 如 loses, manages, catches, washes, mixes

附錄2 動詞-ing的規則

1)在動詞後直接加-ing 如 working, studying, drinking

2)-e結尾的動詞, 去e加-ing(但-ee結尾的動詞和age必須直接加-ing) 如coming, making using, 但 see-- seeing, age-- ageing

3)重讀閉音節結尾的動詞, 雙寫輔音字母后再加-ing 如 hitting, getting, running, stopping, beginning, forgetting, preferring

4)-ie結尾的單詞變為y再加-ing 如 die--dying, lie-- lying,

附錄3不能用於進行時的動詞見上

附錄4 動詞-ed的規則

1)動詞後面直接加-ed 如: asked, cleaned, followed

2)e結尾的動詞加-d 如 arrived, smiled, agreed

3)重讀閉音節結尾的動詞, 雙寫輔音字母后再加-ed 如 stopped, preferred

4)在輔音+y結尾的動詞後面, 先變y為i, 再加-ed 如 studied,replied,relied,denied,satisfied


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