我在前面的文章中讲，非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般是主句的主语。
如：Hearing the news, he was very excited. （he是hearing的逻辑主语）
=When he heard the news, he was very excited.(主从句主语是一致的）
但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，与主句的主语不发生关系，这种结构我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
如： His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。
= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.（主从句主语不一致）
独立主格结构的基本形式
一.名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语
1.名词/代词+ 现在分词 （表主动）
例 ：The man lay there, his hands trembling.
So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.
注：“独立结构”中的being或 having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。
如：So many students absent, the meeting had to be put off.
His homework done, Tom went to sleep.
但是！！！
含有being的独立主格结构中being 不能省略（必背，常考）
It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded. 今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。
= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。
= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.
2． 名词/代词+过去分词 （表被动）
例： The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.
Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.
3． 名词/代词+不定式 （ 不定式表示的是将来的动作）
例：He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
These are the first two books， the third one to come out next month.
We shall get together at 7:30, the procession to start moving at 8 .
4. 名词/代词+名词 （名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语）
例： Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.
He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.
5． 名词/代词+形容词短语 （ 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等）
例：The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.
I heard that she got injured in the accident， my heart full of sorry.
6． 名词/代词+副词（副词说明前面名词或代词的状态）
例： The meeting over, we all went home.
Nobody in, he left a message on the board.
He sat at the table, head down.
7. 名词/代词+介词短语 （介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态）
例 ：The teacher came in, a book under his arm.
The hunter entered the forest， gun in hand．
Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.
Note: 有很多同学对上面的例句有疑问，说“ Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away. ”直接写成“ Nobody was at home, the thief took a lot of things away. ”不就可以吗？
不不不可以！（这是学生们在写作文时常犯的语法错误）。两个用逗号隔开的句子，一定要有一个连词，否则这个句子是错的。这个句子可以是
Because nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.
如果没有Because等连词，那么就要用从属的结构，比如非谓语或者独立主格结构。
二. with/without 引导的独立主格结构
1． with+名词代词+形容词
He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open. 他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.
He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet. 他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.
2． with+名词代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.
The boy was walking, with his father ahead. 父亲在前，小孩在后走着。
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.
3． with+名词代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.
= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.
4． with+名词代词+done
With his homework done, Peter went out to play. 作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
With the signal given, the train started. 信号发出了，火车开始起动了。
= After the signal was given, the train started.
I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.工作还没完成，我不敢回家。
= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.
5． with+名词代词+doing
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁没人注意的时候，从窗口溜走了。
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.
6． with+名词代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do. 有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。 = The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.
提示：
在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）
独立主格结构的句法功能
一. 作状语
1. Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。(时间状语）
2. There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.
= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由于在半夜没有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。（原因状语）
3.Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。（条件状语）
4.The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.
= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。（伴随状语）
二.作定语： 独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。通常是with/without的独立主格作定语。
1. He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
2. He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
= He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides. 他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。
练一练吧
1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were
2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.
A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting
3._____, we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said
4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.
A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather
C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather
5. ____, the bus started at once.
A. The signal was given B. The signal giving
C. The signal given D. When the signal given
6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.
A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down
C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down
7. ____, the leaves are turning green.
A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on
C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on
8. _____, I had to buy a new one.
A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost
C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost
9. I used to sleep with the window _____.
A. opened B. open C. opening D to open
10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder
C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder
11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.
A. do B. doing C. done D. to do
13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.
A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling
14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
A. All things considering B. All things considered
C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered
15. ______, we will surely succeed.
A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us
C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping
注：本文参考百度文库中DavidLee65123老师的《高中英语独立主格结构与悬垂分词》一文，并加入自己的一些经验而完成的。
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