Jafar Isbarov, B.E. Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University (2022)
Answered May 30
Corpse.
死屍
Imagine this. You are a Chinese soldier in Xiangyang. The awaited Mongol army arrives and finds the city strongly defended. Nevertheless, they besiege the castle, implement their masterful tactics. As ingenious as they may be, you defend vigorously, and your morale is increasing day by day.
After a short sleep, you wake up to sound of the commander’s footsteps and immediately wear your uniform and rush to the wall. It is your turn as a watchman.
Still half-asleep, and already immune to frightening sight of the Mongolian army, you climb the steps carelessly, indifferent to the sight awaiting you.
想象一下，你是襄陽的一名中國士兵。預料之中的蒙古軍隊來到了這裡，發現這座城市擁有很強的防禦力量。儘管如此，他們還是包圍了城堡，施展了他們高超的戰術。儘管他們可能很有創意，但你們仍在積極地捍衛，你們的士氣與日俱增。
睡了一小覺之後，你醒來時聽到指揮官的腳步聲，你馬上穿上自己的制服，衝到牆邊。現在輪到你當巡夜者了。
你還處於半睡半醒的狀態，而且已經對蒙古軍隊的可怕景象免疫了，你不經意地爬上臺階，對等著你去發現的景象無動於衷。
Among the gruesome details of an attacking force, you notice the faces of soldiers. They are not Mongols.
They are Chinese civilians, driven forward by Mongols. Your archers make sure nobody reaches the walls. In a few minutes, they are all dead, and the actual Mongol soldiers are rushing forward as the defenders are watching everything with disgust, disbelief, and fear.
Kharash was a common Mongolian tactic, where the prisoners would be driven towards the walls ahead the soldiers. What made this meat-shield demoralizing was that they used to be people of same region and visibly same blood with the defenders.
在有關這支攻擊部隊的可怕細節中，你會注意到的是士兵的面龐。他們不是蒙古人。
他們是受到蒙古人驅趕的中國平民。你的弓箭手確保了沒有人能活著抵達城牆之下。幾分鐘後，他們都死了，而真正的蒙古士兵正向前衝過來，而防禦一方的士兵們正用厭惡、懷疑和恐懼的目光注視著這一切。
“卡拉什”是蒙古人的一種常用策略，通過這種方式，位於士兵前方的囚犯們將被驅趕到城牆之下。這種肉盾令人喪膽的原因是他們曾經和防禦者是鄉里鄰居，而且都流淌著同樣的血液。
Use of human corpses to spread a plague into the besieged city (the city is Kaffa, and it worked). Not the most representative picture for usage of corpse, but definitely so for ingenuity of Mongols.
用人類的屍體把瘟疫傳播到被圍困的城市裡（這個城市就是卡法，它奏效了）。這不是最具代表性的使用死屍的場景，但對於蒙古人的聰明才智來說，這是絕對最具代表性的。
回答二：
Joni-Petteri Kivist?, lives in Tampere, Finland
Updated Jun 7
The frozen soldier.
Your convoy advance through the narrow road. Eerie silence fills the forest. It is so cold that tree trunks are making crackling and popping noises. Suddenly you see this. You carefully advance. No danger, it is just a corpse.
被凍住的士兵。
你們的車隊正在穿過狹窄的道路。可怕的寂靜充斥著這片森林。天氣太冷了，樹幹發出噼啪聲和爆裂聲。你們突然看到這個士兵。你們小心地往前，發現沒有危險，它只是一具屍體。
It is Sergei, you knew him. Behind him is a convoy that left last week and was not heard from since. All the tanks, cars, trucks, destroyed. Other corpses are under the snow marked with sticks. You cannot advance because the road is blocked by the destroyed vehicles. You cannot turn around, the road is too narrow and there is too much snow. Your legs are numb from the cold. Looks like you will be spending a night here, on this road.
他的名字是謝爾蓋，你認識他。在他身後的是一支上週離開的車隊，從那以後就再也沒有聽到過它的消息。所有的坦克、汽車和卡車都被摧毀了。其他的屍體都被埋在了用棍棒標記過的雪下。你們無法前進，因為道路被被摧毀的車輛擋住了。你門也不能回頭，因為路太窄了，積雪太多了。你們的腿正因寒冷而麻木。看來你們要在這條路上過夜了。
There is no moonlight. You have to make a fire to keep warm. The freezing trees make noises in the forest. You stare in the dark forest, you can barely see the first trees beside the road.
Something moves in the forest, it can see you, it saw the fire in the darkness, and it has now come for you.
晚上沒有月光。你們必須生火取暖。冰冷的樹木在森林裡發出各種聲音。你凝視著黑暗的森林，你幾乎看不到靠路邊的最近的那一棵樹。
森林裡有什麼東西在移動，它能看見你，它看到了黑暗中的火焰，現在它已經朝著你們來了。
Disclaimer: The story is highly fictional. I’m no historian so I do not know how accurate this is or how accurate the description below is. It might have just been propaganda for the Finnish homefront, Soviet propaganda or a more common practice that was taboo, and not written in the official documents. Posing the fallen like this might have been done to make retrieving the bodies easier for the oppising force, as snowfall would had covered the bodies on the ground otherwise.
免責聲明：這個故事是虛構的。我不是歷史學家，所以我不知道這麼敘述有多準確，也不知道下面的描述有多準確。它可能只是對芬蘭國土防線的宣傳、蘇聯的宣傳，或者是一種更常見的禁忌，而不是在官方文件中記錄的場景。像這樣擺出這樣的姿勢，可能是為了讓對手更容易找回屍體，因為降雪會覆蓋躺在地面上的屍體。
“Finnish defenders sometimes, though very rarely, took fallen frozen Russian soldiers and posed them upright as psychological warfare. Although rare, a few cases have been documented. Common Russian soldiers and Finnish troops had a great deal of respect for the dead and would allow both parties to retrieve and bury their dead in peace and would make impromptu ceasefires for such occasions. Each party also buried the dead of the opposing side, left a stick on the ground marking the burial site and all the tags intact that would identify the dead.”
“芬蘭的保衛者有時候——雖然次數很少——把凍僵的俄羅斯士兵當成了一種心理戰武器。”雖然被發現的很少，但有一些案例已經被記錄在案。普通的俄羅斯士兵和芬蘭軍隊對死者非常尊重，允許雙方在和平時候找回和埋葬死者，並在這種情況下臨時停火。雙方還會埋葬對方的死者，在墓穴上留下一根棍子，所有的標籤都完好無損，可以辨認出死者的身份。”
回答三：
Randy Woods, 20 years in the Air Force
Answered Jul 2
I see the answers scattered but I will quickly combined them
1: Nuclear weapons, knowing more them can fall soldiers will worry about the death of their loved ones and the end of humanity. Even if just one falls and you see it, solders will worry about fallout.
2: Biological weapons, an item all the answers I read missed.
You can’t see microbes without a microscope, an invisible killer to anyone outside a research faculty. Men with horrible physical symptoms flooding medical station, rapidly depleting medical supplies, doctors and nurses becoming infected before orders are issued to don full protection. Men dropping like files from a disease that is out of control would be demoralizing on a vast scale. The victims would take a fearful revenge if they can find the culprit.
我看到了各種零散的答案，但我將會很快就會把它們統合在一起
排名第一的是核武器，對它的瞭解越多，士兵們就會越擔心他們所愛的人的死亡和人類命運的終結。即使只有一顆核彈落下，你也會發現，士兵們會擔心放射性塵埃的影響。
排名第二的是生物武器，我看過的所有答案都沒有提及它。
你無法在沒有顯微鏡的情況下看到微生物，這是除了研究人員之外所有人都看不到的一個殺手。出現可怕的身體症狀的人大量湧入醫療站中，迅速消耗醫療用品，醫生和護士在接到進行全面防護的命令之前就被感染了。人們因為一種失控的疾病而大量倒下，這會在很大程度上讓他們聞風喪膽。如果受害者能找到罪魁禍首，他們將會進行可怕的報復。
3: Nerve gas or any poison gas that kills, blinds or destroys lung tissue
4: Napalm, phosphorus and flame throwers
5: Mines and booby traps
6: Snipers
What do all these things have in common, with the exception of the flame weapons, death is often the first sign you are under attack and once hit every step will seem to carry risk.
第三是神經毒氣或任何可以致命、致盲或破壞肺部組織的毒氣。
第四是凝固汽油彈、白磷彈和火焰噴射器。
第五是地雷和餌雷。
第六是狙擊手。
除開火焰噴射器之外，所有這些東西都擁有共同之處，即死亡通常就是你受到攻擊的第一個信號，一旦遭受到打擊，你就已經身處險境了。
Contamination
Chemicals can contaminate a battlefield for some time
Mines can last for decades: in Cambodia and other places mine from the 1960’s are still claiming victims.
Nuclear Fallout…that can make an area too hot for human use for several decades and even then there will some residual fallout that will last for thousands and thousands of years.
Flame throwers often force the enemy to risk deadly gunfire in order to escape The flame weapons claim more victims than those they kill, often soldiers and civilians are maimed by fire bombs.
Snipers at least stop once the battle or war is over.
汙染：
化學物質會在一段時間內汙染戰場
地雷可以潛伏几十年：在柬埔寨和其他地區，從1960年代開始，地雷一直在不斷地害人。
核放射性塵降物……這可能會使一個地區在幾十年內變得過熱，即使在此之後，也會有一些殘留的放射性塵埃將持續存在數千年。
火焰噴射器往往會迫使敵人冒著致命的炮火，以躲避它的攻擊，這種間接方式殺死的人數往往多於它的直接斃敵數量，士兵和平民還往往因為遭燃燒彈襲擊而致殘。
一旦戰鬥或戰爭結束，狙擊手至少會停下手來。
回答四：
Susanna Viljanen, works at Aalto University
Answered Jun 3
The Bailey Bridge.
Okay, the enemy is advancing, and to slow him down you practise the scorched earth, including blowing up the bridges behind your retreat. Nothing is more fun than a kilo of hexogen!
But waitaminute… you just hear the tank engines roar behind you. Waddafuk? Where did they come from? The tanks cannot cross that river, can they? Who left the bridges undemolished? Once you investigate the engineers, it appears they have all done their job. What kind of witchcraft is this?
Meet the Bailey Bridge.
活動便橋。
好吧，敵人在前進，讓他慢下來，你得實施焦土戰略，其中包括炸掉你撤退後的橋樑。沒有什麼比一公斤的黑索金更有趣的了！
但是等等，你只聽到坦克引擎在你身後呼嘯而過。怎麼回事？他們是從哪裡來的？坦克不可能趟過那條河，對嗎？是誰讓橋樑完好無損了？你調查過了工程師，他們似乎都完成了他們的工作。這是什麼巫術？
來見識一下活動便橋吧。
A Bailey Bridge is a basically a bridge construction kit in 1:1 scale. It consists of standard components which can be assembled at field with just means of spanners and hoop wrenches, and carried module-wise without any aid of machinery to the place. A platoon of engineers can assemble a Bailey bridge and install it on place in a matter of hours without any aid or machines.
活動便橋基本上是一種1：1比例的架橋工具。它由標準部件組成，可以在現場用扳手和勾頭扳手進行組裝，在沒有任何機械設備的情況下分成各模塊攜帶。一排工程師可以在沒有任何幫助或機器的情況下，在幾個小時內組裝出一座活動便橋，並安裝就位。
The Bailey Bridge is basically a truss girder bridge, but it can be assembled as a pontoon bridge, multiple girder bridge, suspension bridge or anything the engineers can come up on their minds. They are irreplaceable on crossing water features and other obstacles, and the key of the Western Allies’s swift advance in the Western Europe 1944–1945. It is claimed the only reason why the operation Market Garden failed was that the trucks carrying the Bailey Bridge components got stuck in a traffic jam and the bridges could not be deployed in time.
活動便橋基本上是一座桁架樑橋，但它可以作為浮橋、多梁橋、懸索橋或者工程師能想到的任何東西組裝起來。它們可以跨越各種水文特徵的河流和其他障礙，在這方面它們是不可替代的，也是西方的同盟國在1944年至1945年在西歐迅速推薦的關鍵所在。據稱，市場花園行動失敗的唯一原因是，載有活動便橋部件的卡車遭遇了交通堵塞，橋樑無法及時部署到位。
The Bailey Bridge is used even today - I fell in love immediately with it - and the components are still in manufacture, over 75 years after it was first introduced.
即使在了今天，活動便橋仍然在被使用——我立馬就愛上了它——在它第一次投入使用75年之後，人們仍然在製造這些組件。
Nathaniel Tokich, Project Manager (2015-present)
Answered Jun 4
From my knowledge the most demoralizing weapons in military history are the ones that got soldier to stop dead in their tracks or control their actions.
Such weapons while terrifying also present very real risks to those using them as well.
據我所知，軍事史上最令人喪膽的武器是那些能夠讓士兵們在他們的前進道路上止步不前或控制他們行動的武器。這種武器不僅可怕，而且也給使用它們的人帶來了非常大的風險。
Flame Throwers:
火焰噴射器
These flame spewing monstrosities are more than enough to make a hardened military veteran stop dead in their tracks. In close quarters such as bunkers or tunnels these weapons are down right impossible to avoid. In World War 2 and Vietnam flame throwers were used to mixed success against hardened military emplacements such as bunkers, tunnels, trenches, and buildings.
When soldiers would see someone running around with one of these they would immediately focus on them due to the tremendous destructive potential of flame throwers.
These were exceptionally demoralizing due to the fact that watching those in your unit burn alive is absolutely terrifying. Or watching those around the guy walking around with a flame thrower burn alive when the tank started to leak and caught on fire.
These weapons were a catch 22 so both sides were in a precarious position when they were deployed.
這些火焰噴射出的怪物足以讓一個堅強的老兵在他的前進道路上止步不前。在掩體或隧道等近距離設施中，這些武器是無法阻擋的。在第二次世界大戰和越南戰爭中，火焰噴射器在地堡、隧道、戰壕和建築物等堅固的軍事陣地上取得了成功。
因為火焰噴射器的巨大破壞力，當士兵們看到有人在周圍跑來跑去的時候，他們就會立即集火在他們身上。
這些武器都是非常令人喪膽的，因為看到你的戰友被活活燒死絕對是非常可怕的。或者看著那些配備了火焰噴射器的人，當罐體開始洩漏或者著火的時候，他們會被活活燒死。
這些武器屬於第二十二條軍規的範疇，所以當它們得到部署的時候，雙方都處於危險之中。
White Phosphorus:
白磷彈：
White phosphorus is terrifying and I have personally used it in the past in the Navy. While in the Navy white phosphorus is used for sea flares, it is also used with other deadly munitions to literally melt through obstacles.
White phosphorus burns as a class D fire (Fire class - Wikipedia), These kinds of fires are by far the worst to encounter and extinguish. The reason for this is because this type of combustion can sometimes create its own oxygen to fuel it’s continued combustion or continue the reaction in lower temperatures to spontaneously combust. In the Navy when a class D fire is detected the SOP is basically to jettison the offending item ablaze over the side as quickly as possible. NEVER USE WATER ON THESE TYPES OF FIRES!
On soft targets like human flesh it’s an agonizingly slow death as the white phosphorus burns it’s way through the human body. As it does the best approach to saving the casualty is to literally cut the fire out of them if saving them is an option.
白磷彈很可怕，我過去曾在海軍中使用過它。在海軍中，白磷被用於海上照明，但它也被用於充當其他致命的武器，可以讓障礙物真正被融化。
白磷燃燒時產生D級火焰，這類火焰是迄今為止所能遇到的最嚴重的遭遇和撲滅。之所以會這樣的原因是，這種類型的燃燒有時能夠自己製造氧氣來推動它繼續燃燒，或者在低溫下繼續燃燒。在海軍中，當發現D級火災時，標準作業程序基本上是儘可能快地將著火物品拋在一邊。不要試圖用水撲滅這些類型的著火物品上的火焰！
當這種火焰附著在像人體這樣的柔軟目標上時，它將導致令人痛苦的緩慢死亡過程，就像白磷在人體中燃燒一樣。而拯救傷者的最佳方法就是將他們身上的著火部分切除，如果可以救活的話。
Booby Traps:
Deadly unknown traps scattered around the theater of war presented a significant risk to moral as well progress. In Vietnam the nefarious nature of the various hidden traps presented a great deal of risk to anyone traversing the terrain.
Many of the traps were designed to wound and not kill, forcing those around them to handle a wounded individual. A lot of the damage traps like these would inflict was gruesome. I have heard the chilling tales of some of the vets that encountered such traps. The inability to trust mundane items, or consider one’s self safe in what should be a fairly benign area forces soldiers to always be hyper vigilant. Due to constantly worrying about one’s environment its virtually impossible to decompress from the stress eventually burning the individual out.
Once burnt out the individual will not be as remotely effective as they were before, and much more prone to making mistakes or falling victim to a trap due to being incapable of focusing in a reasonable manner.
陷阱：
在戰場上往往散佈著致命的未知陷阱，它們給道德和地區的進步都帶來了巨大的風險。在越南，各種隱藏的陷阱給穿越這片土地的人帶來了巨大的風險。
許多陷阱被設計用來致殘而不是致死，這迫使周圍的人必須去處理傷者。很多像這樣的傷害陷阱會造成可怕的後果。我曾聽過一些遇到過這樣的陷阱的老兵的可怕經歷。無法信任普通事物，或者在一個相當安寧的地方擔憂自己的安全都會迫使士兵們始終保持高度警惕的狀態。由於始終擔心自己所處的環境，從壓力中解脫出來幾乎是不可能的，最終它會讓個人精力耗盡。
一旦一個人的精力被耗盡，他就不會像以前那樣高效地工作了，而且更容易犯錯誤或落入陷阱當中，因為他們無法以合理的方式集中注意力。
Artillery barrages:
Intense artillery barrages are one of the most demoralizing encounters in combat. This is due to the nature of being unable to adequately defend against such an attack. While this clip is from a TV show, it’s depiction of the general panic such an attack makes while soldier run for cover is fairly accurate.
Surviving such an encounter is like standing outside a heavy downpour while trying not to get wet. It’s a case of the sky is raining lava and even if one managed to find shelter, if that shelter isn’t hardened or takes significant damage the chances of survival are minimal. Artillery from the United States is one of the most demoralizing events a military force can encounter.
火炮彈幕：
激烈的火炮攻擊是戰鬥中最令人喪膽的場景之一。這是由於無法充分防禦這種攻擊所造成的。雖然這段視頻來自一個電視節目，但它對於士兵在面對這種攻擊時胡亂奔跑尋求庇護的普遍恐慌的描繪卻是相當準確的。
在這樣的場景中倖存下來，就如同站在傾盆大雨中儘量不讓自己淋溼一樣。這是一個天降火山岩漿的場景，即使一個人設法找到了避難所，如果這個庇護所不足夠堅硬，或者受到嚴重的損害，那麼他的生存的機會也是很小的。來自美國軍隊的炮火是一支軍隊所能遇到的最令人喪膽的事物之一。
Land Mines/Improvised Explosive Devices (IED):
While these could be considered booby traps, I opted to keep them separate due to their ease of use when deploy them. Land mines and IED’s are concealed explosive devises designed to kill or incapacitate. The are designed to counter either personnel or vehicles.
The reason why these are so demoralizing is due to how incredibly effective they are at halting progress of enemy forces. The are the perfect invisible wall for ground forces completely preventing any progress through the area until the location has been cleared.
When soldier encounter such fields and are forced to triage a casualty the effects are terrifying. Not only do they want to save the individual, but in doing so they will likely end up a victim of the mines as well. The presents a very high stress precarious position.
Improvised explosive devices are like land mines except one cannot assume what their application of deployment will be. Warning video contains graphic content!
IED’s are both static and dynamic allowing them to be literally used anywhere. This can immediately defeat defenses and sees the most use in A-symmetrical warfare.
地雷或簡易爆炸裝置：
雖然這些可以被認為是陷阱，但我選擇將它們分開描述，因為它們十分便於部署。地雷和簡易爆炸裝置是一種隱藏式的爆炸裝置，旨在殺死敵人或使其喪失能力。它的設計初衷就是用來對抗人員或車輛的。
這些武器之所以如此令人沮喪的原因在於它們在阻止敵軍前進方面的效率非常的驚人。這是地面部隊的一道完美的隱形高牆，它完全阻止了試圖穿越該地區的任何進展，直到該區域被徹底清掃。
當士兵遇到這樣的場景，並且被迫對傷員進行分類時，它的效果是非常可怕的。如果他們想要拯救這個人，那麼他們也就很有可能成為地雷的受害者。這代表了一種非常高壓的危險狀態。
簡易爆炸裝置就像地雷一樣，但人們不能假定它們的部署目的是什麼。
簡易爆炸裝置包括靜態的和動態的，它們可以在任何地方被使用。它可以很快擊敗防禦方，並且在不對稱戰爭中得到了最多的使用。
Propaganda:
While not a weapon designed to cause harm directly the effects of propaganda used to incite violence is extremely dangerous. In WW2 the Nazi propaganda machine allowed a fascist government to literally get away with war crimes and horrible atrocities. While in an internet driven culture this is much more difficult, however a fear driven population is easy to dupe into believing anything.
This is demoralizing due to the nature propaganda has on free thought. By indoctrinating a population creativity and critical thinking evaporate giving way to allow malicious forces to reign supreme. Propaganda has been used to effectively justify many terrible actions throughout history. The most demoralizing aspect of propaganda is when the veil is lifted and the population is forced to come to terms with their actions.
Propaganda also makes diplomatic discussions nearly impossible to engage in. Propaganda also protects the indoctrinated population preventing their position from being swayed. This presents a monumental task when attempting to seek peace or convey the reality of s situation.
The main reason why propaganda is so effective is due to how the majority of any population refuses to critically think about the topics it conveys. In these cases once the majority of the population succumbs to the propaganda the often begin ousting the minority of the population. this is done to ensure the view portrayed by the propaganda is maintained and justified by those who have adopted it’s view point.
宣傳：
雖然不是一種旨在造成直接傷害的武器，但用於煽動暴力的宣傳效果是極其危險的。在二戰期間，納粹的宣傳機器讓法西斯政府得以成功地實施戰爭罪行和可怕的暴行。在互聯網驅動下的文化中，這麼做要困難得多，然而，受到恐懼驅動的人群還是很容易被騙去相信任何事情。
它之所以令人喪膽，是因為宣傳的本質對自由思想所造成的影響。通過讓人民喪失創造力和批判性思維，從而讓邪惡的力量佔據統治地位。在歷史上，宣傳已經被用來有效地證明了許多可怕行徑的合法性。宣傳中最令人沮喪的一面是，當面紗被揭開，人們還是得被迫接受他們的行動。
宣傳也使得外交討論幾乎不可能參與進來。宣傳也會隔離開被教育的人群，防止他們的地位受到動搖。這是在試圖尋求和平或傳達現實情況時的一項重大任務。
宣傳之所以如此有效的主要原因是，大多數人都拒絕批判性地思考它所傳達的主題。在這些情況下，一旦大多數人屈服於宣傳，往往就會開始驅逐少數族群。這樣做是為了確保宣傳所描繪的觀點被那些採納了它的觀點的人所維護和證明。
轉自西諾網
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