八、不定代词
(一)both，all
1. both 用于两者，all 用于三者及三者以上，其后接名词复数形式，谓语动词用复数，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。
例句： Similar elements in the prehistoric remains from both areas suggest that Indians and their neighbors had maintained distant but real connections even before 1,500 BC.
分析：该句是复合句，suggest 是主句的谓语动词，that Indians and their neighbors...是一个宾语从句。
译文：来自两个地区的史前遗迹中的类似成分表明： 印度人和他们的邻居甚至在公元前 1500 年前就维持着遥远但真实的联系。
例句：In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization — with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. (2000 年第 74 题)
分析：该句是并列复合句，whereas 连接两个并列分句，其中前一个分句的主句部分为 the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century，而介词短语 with...为主语补足语，定语从句 that followed 修饰 changes。
译文：在早先实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的对社会结构有深远影响的变革延续了将近一个世纪，而现如今，一个发展中国家只用十年左右的时间就可以经历同样的过程。
2. all 作代词时，其后谓语动词可以是单数也可以是复数。
例句：All the information we have collected in relation to that case adds up to very little.
分析：该句是复合句，其中主干部分是 All the information...adds up to very little，we have collected in relation to that case 是修饰 the information 的定语从句。
译文：我们搜集到的与那件事有关的所有信息都是没有意义的。
例句：All but he and I are going to attend the meeting.
译文：除了我和他之外，所有人都去开会了。
3. both，all，every 和 not 连用时表示部分否定。
例句：But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain” ) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. (选自 2005 年 Text 3)
分析：该句是由分号及 while 连接的并列句，分号相当于连词 and，not all...表示部分否定。
译文：但并不是大脑的所有部分都参与活动，控制情绪的大脑部位异常活跃，然而控制智力和推理能力的前额皮质却相对平静。
例句：Not everyone sees that process in perspective. (选自 2002 年 Use of English)
分析：该句是简单句。
译文：不是每个人都能正确看待这个过程。
(二)either, neither, any, each, none, every, some
1. either 和 neither 是一对反义词，表示“两者中任何一个都(不)”，作名词或形容词。
用法为：
either (neither) of the+复数名词+动词单数
either (neither)+单数名词+动词单数
如:Either/Neither of these stories (either/neither story) he told us is as attractive and instructive as that one.
例句：Neither kind of sleep is at all well understood, but REM (rapid eye movements) sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain.
分析：该句是并列句。
译文：人们对这两种睡眠都没有完全了解，但认为快速眼动睡眠有使大脑恢复的功能。
2. either 指两者中的任何一个，仅限两者，而 each 用于两者以上;either 和 both可互换使用，但 both 强调整体。
例句：The relationship between Latin American music and black music in the United States is evident in the unaccented beats that are common to either/both.
分析：该句是复合句，定语从句 that are common to either/both 修饰 beats。
译文：拉丁美洲音乐同美国黑人音乐的关系明显地表现在这两种音乐各自存在着无重音节拍这一共同点上。
例句：We also expect each place to be appropriate to its use.
分析：该句是简单句。
译文：我们也希望每个地方都恰如其分。
3. any 和 none 是一对反义词，表示“三者或三者以上中的任何一个都(不)”，其后谓语动词 的单复数参看例句。
例句：Although Professor Green's lectures usually run over the fifty minute period, none of his students ever object(s) as they find his lectures both informative and interesting.
分析：该句是复合句。
译文：虽然格林教授的课通常超过规定的 50 分钟，但他的学生从无一人表示反对，因为他们发现格林的课既富有知识性又有趣。
例句：If any man here does not agree with me, he should put forward his own plan of improving the living conditions of these people.
分析：该句是复合句。
译文：如果在座的有人不赞成我的观点，那么他就应该提出他自己的改善这些人生活条件的方案。
4.any 和 some 的主要区别在于 any 用于否定句、条件句和疑问句;some 用于肯定句，表示期待对方的肯定答复或以问句形式向对方提出要求或邀请。
例句：He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any reliance on what he promises. (1997 年第 23 题)
分析：该句是复合句。
译文：他多次辜负了我的期望，以至于我不再相信他作出的任何承诺。
例句：The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. (选自 2008 年 Use of English)
分析：该句是复合句，主干部分是 The idea is one of those hypotheses。that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others是idea的同位语从句，that dare not speak its name 是 hypotheses 的定语从句。
译文：认为某些群体的智商要高于其他群体是一个无人敢说出来的假想。
5.every 只能用作形容词，everyone 指人，而 every one 既可以指物也可以指人。
例句：Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of practically every business operation in the whole country. (1998 年第 32 题)
分析：该句是简单句，本句隐含了一个与现在情况相反的虚拟语气，Without telephone 相 当于 if there were no telephone。
译文：如果没有电话，全国几乎所有的商业运作都不可能正常进行。
例句：There is an incorrect assumption among scientists and medical people that everyone agrees on what constitutes a benefit to an individual.
分析：该句是复合句，that everyone agrees on...作 assumption 的同位语从句，what constitutes a benefit to an individual 作介词 on 的宾语。
译文：科学家和医务人员普遍持有一种不正确的假设，即：人们在什么构成了个人利益问题上意见一致。
(三)one，the other 和 another
1. 两者中一个用 one 表示，另一个用 the other 表示，不定数目中的另一个用 another 表示。
例句：However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining
chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different. (选自 2005 年 Text 1)
分析：该句是复合句，主句部分为 their behavior became markedly different。when 引 导的时间状语从句中又插入了 so that 引导的目的状语从句，从句中 what the other...作 observe 的宾语。
译文：但是当两只猴子被放在隔开但相邻的两个房间中，而且每只猴子还能看到对方用岩石交换了什么物品之后，他们的行为就发生了巨大变化。
例句：We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let's have another one this month.
分析：该句是并列句。
译文：上个月我们举行了一场晚会，很有意思。因此，我们这个月再举行一场类似的晚会吧。
2.表示三者并对三者加以说明。
表达方法如下：
one...another...and the other
one...a second...and the third
例句：I have three sisters, one is a nurse, another (a second) is a teacher, and the other (and the third) is a doctor.
注：表示四者并对四者都加以说明的表达方式是：one...another...a third...and the fourth (the other)...。
3.One 作代词时，前用形容词或 the，this，that，which，any，some，each，every 等来修饰，另有 one of the+复数名词+单数动词。
例句：That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. (选自 2006 年 Text 3)
分析：该句是复合句，means 后的宾语从句省略了连接代词 that，what is in the sea 作介词 of 的宾语，so 引导的另一个分句中的 the one 代替前面的名词difference，分词短语 recorded by...作后置定语修饰 the one。
译文：这意味着更高比例的海洋物种正在被捕捞，因此现在和过去的真正差异可能比根据渔获量的变化所记录的更糟糕。
例句：One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships dutifully follow traffic rules in busy harbors. (2001 年第 13 题)
分析：该句是复合句，从句 that all ships...harbors 作 make sure 的宾语。
译文：海岸警卫队的责任之一就是确保所有船只在繁忙的港口严格遵守航运规则。
注意：that 和 one 都可用来代表句子前面部分中的名词以避免重复： one指代可数名词，为不确定指代，其复数形式为 ones;that 指代可数和不可数名词，为确定指代，其复数形式为 those。
例句：No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.
分析：该句是简单句，其中that代替前面的 bread，分词短语 earned by his own labor 作定语修饰 that。
译文：什么面包也不如自己劳动挣得的面包香。
例句：Julia tried to find a good book on physics, but the bookstore she went to yesterday did not have one.
分析：该句是并列句，其中第二个分句是一个复合句，she went to yesterday是修饰 the bookstore 的定语从句。
译文：朱丽亚想找一本物理学方面的好书，但昨天她去的那家书店没有。
4.another 后接单数名词，表示的意思是“另一个，又一个(one more);另外的，别的(some other);不同的(a different)”。
例句：Her mother will be back in another moment, and we have to wait for her.
分析：本句是以 and 连接的并列句。
译文：她妈妈再过一会儿就回来，我们还是等等她吧。
例句：We will visit the History Museum another day.
例句： He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will expire at the end of this month. (1998 年第 34 题)
分析：该句是由 yet 连接的并列句。
译文：他正计划再到国外去旅游，但是他的护照这个月底就到期了。
5. other 通常接复数名词，在 any other，every other, no other，some other，the other，one other 后，名词也可用单数形式。
例句：As far as I am concerned, his politics are rather conservative compared with other politicians'. (1997 年第 19 题)
分析：该句是简单句，其中 As far as I am concerned 为插入语，other politicians other politicians politics，分词短语 compared with other politicians 条件，相当于 when/if his politics are compared with other politicians'。
译文：依我看，与其他政治家的政治观点相比，他的观点更加保守。
例句：No other book has had a greater influence on my life.
译文：任何书对我一生的影响都没有这本书大。
例句：Wilson found there was only one other guest besides himself.
译文：威尔逊发现除了他自己外只有一个客人。
注意：other 与数目连用时其位置如下：
基数词+ other+复数名词;
the other+基数词+复数名词或 the+基数词+other+复数名词。
(四)few,a few; little,a little
few 和 a few 修饰可数名词;little 和 a little 修饰不可数名词;a few 和 a little 具有肯定含义;few 和 little 具有否定含义;the few 和 the little 表示肯定含义。
例句：A few premiers are suspicious of any federal provincial deal making.(选自 2005 年 Part B)
分析：该句是简单句。
译文：一些省督们对由联邦政府联合各省进行谈判的做法心存怀疑。
例句：The roles expected of old people in such a setting give too few
psychological satisfactions for normal happiness. (2000 年第 7 题)
分析：该句是简单句，其中分词短语 expected of old people 在句中作定语修饰 the roles。
译文：在此情况下，对老年人角色的期望使得他们几乎无法得到心理上的满足，也就无法享受正常的幸福生活。
例句：Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least.
分析：该句是复合句，of which obtaining water is...是一个非限制性定语从句修饰 problems，the least 是 the little 的最高级表示肯定意义。
译文：居住在澳大利亚沙漠中心有其自身的问题，其中，获取水是很严峻的问题。
例句：They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. (2006 年第 50 题)
分析：该句是并列复合句，定语从句 which involve moral judgment 修饰problems，but 前后是两个并列句。
译文：他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的关于人的问题讲行独立思考。
(五)most
most 表示大多数、大部分或最大数量、最大程度等，作代词、名词、形容词和副词。
例句：It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. (选自 2011 年 Text 4)
分析：该句是复合句。在主句中，it 是形式主语，真正的主语是 to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children;在原因状语从句中,it 代表前面提到的 to want children;冒号后的内容是对前面内容的解释。
译文：很难想象，仅仅因为里斯和安吉丽娜使“生孩子”看起来颇具魅力，很多人就愚蠢地跟风效仿：大多数成年人都明白抚养孩子并不像理发那样简单。
例句：Most newspapers, while devoting the major part of their space to recent events, usually manage to find room on the inside pages for articles on some interesting topics. (2000 年第 17 题)
分析：该句是复合句，其中主句为 Most newspapers usually manage to find
room on the inside pages...topics。从句 while 后的完整形式应为 while they are devoting the major part of their space to recent events。
译文：大多数报纸将主要版面用来报道近期发生的事件，但通常也会在内页留出空间刊登一些趣闻。
例句：Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly.
分析：该句是复合句，that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant在句中充当表语从句，定语从句 whose brain is...rapidly 修饰 the infant。
译文：其原因往往是母亲对大脑已做好快速学习语言准备的婴儿所发出的信号不敏感。
1.单独使用时，most 前无冠词。
例句：Some of the people stayed behind, but most went.
分析：most=most people，动词用复数。
2.most 后带有限制性定语从句时，前加 the。
例句：The most this hall can seat is 1,000.
分析：这是一个复合句，this hall can seat 这个定语从句修饰 the most。seat是动词，意为“为……提供座位”。
3. most of the+复数名词表示“大多数……”;most of+形容词性物主代词+单数名词表示“大部分……”。
例句：Mr.Pollard has visited most of the countries in Europe.
译文：波勒德先生已经访问了欧洲大多数国家。
例句：Most of her book deals with problems in political economy.
译文：她的书大部分都是论述政治经济方面的问题的。
例句：Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much. (选自 1998 年 Text 2)
分析：该句是并列复合句，and 前一分句中 that companies make 是一定语从句修饰 the changes，后一分句中 this 指代前面句子的所有内容，冒号后的内容作解释。
译文：此外，公司改革的目的大部分是为了盈利，这种需求并不一定总是能够提高生产率： 转入新的市场或改善产品质量也能获得同样的效果。
4. most 作副词时构成形容词或副词的最高级;在通俗英语中 most=very，修饰形容词或副词，most 与 mostly 的区别在于后者作“大部分”讲(=for the most part)。
例句：The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be indifferent to the welfare of his animals. (2001 年第 14 题)
分析：该句是简单句，is 与 seems to 是两个并列谓语。
译文：爱斯基摩人可能是所有印第安人中最信任别人也最体贴他人的人，然而他们对自己的动物的福利却好像漠不关心。
例句：What Mr.Jelly said is mostly (=for the most part) correct.
译文：杰勒先生说的话大部分是正确的。
5. most+名词，表示泛指;most of the+名词，表示特指。
例句 Most Chinese like fast food.(泛指)
Most of the people in this district are fond of CCTV5.(特指)
译文：这一个区里的大部分人都喜欢看中央五台。
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