留學生在寫作Essay的時候，少不了引用別人的材料來支持我們的觀點。而在引用的過程中，如何讓這些材料展示說服力無疑是關鍵。但是要記住，這些材料只能支持你的觀點，而並不能成為你的觀點。下面就給大家講解一下Essay寫作該如何使用材料讓自己的觀點更具說服力。
引用要恰當
首先，直接引用不能太多！直接引用誘惑力比較大，因為能夠湊字數，但是在學術寫作的時候，一定要強調自己的觀點，用自己的話語去總結、同意轉述你的材料，並且用自己的話去解釋你想要表達的點。當然了，在以下幾種情況下直接引用會非常有效：
原文非常生動具體，有表達力的時候
專有詞彙
辯論者介紹自己立場的時候
權威觀點
材料的語言是你論文的話題的時候（如批判性話語研究CDA）
不是很有必要整句話引用，儘量把引用的內容和自己的話結合在一起（引號去掉之後，讀者看不出來有什麼區別）：
Kizza and Ssanyu observe that technology in the workplace has been accompanied by “an array of problems that needed quick answers” such as electronic monitoring to prevent security breaches (4).
另外，如果想要省略引文中的一部分內容們可以使用三個點（三個點之間都有一個空格），如：
Lane acknowledges the legitimate reasons that many companies have for monitoring their employees’ online activities, particularly management’s concern about preventing “the theft of information that can be downloaded to a . . . disk, e-mailed to oneself . . . , or even posted to a Web page for the entire world to see” (12).
如果你引用的句子中，你省略了整個句子，這個時候，在三個省略的點之前，加一個句號，如：
Charles Lewis, director of the Center for Public Integrity, points out that “by 1987, employers were administering nearly 2,000,000 polygraph tests a year to job applicants and employees. . . . Millions of workers were required to produce urine samples under observation for drug testing . . .” (22).
一般不要在引文的最前面或者最後面加省略號，引文讀者明白你是在引用，前後省略了很多，但是有例外，像上面的那個例子，如果引言的最後一句，你省略了該句的一部分，這個時候可以用省略號。無論怎麼省略，不能夠導致斷章取義的結果！
在引文中，如果想要插入自己的話（為了使得語法正確或者為讀者提供一些背景知識），必須要用中括號標明，如：
Legal scholar Jay Kesan notes that “[a] decade ago, losses [from employees’ computer crimes] were already mounting to five billion dollars annually” (311).
如果看到引文中有錯誤（如拼寫錯誤），則在錯誤後面加上 [sic]，如：
Johnson argues that “while online monitoring is often imagined as harmles [sic], the practice may well threaten employees’ rights to privacy” (14).
最後，如果引文是一大段（超過三行），這個時候，引文內容整體向右縮進一英寸，不需要加雙引號，在引用前，要加一些句子，預示讀者你要大段引用，這句話後面應該緊跟著冒號，如：
注意上面引文最後一個句號的位置，它是在括號前面！
引用前要給讀者預示
這個預示的短語叫做 signal phrase，預示的句子往往包括引用材料的作者併為讀者提供背景知識，並且往往出現在引用的文字之前，但是為了使得你的句子結構多樣化，這些短語可以打斷引言或者出現在引文後，典型的預示短語有（主語短語的位置）：
In the words of researchers Greenfield and Davis, “. . .”
As legal scholar Jay Kesan has noted, “. . .”
The ePolicy Institute, an organization that advises companies about reducing risks from technology, reports that “. . .”
“. . . ,” writes Daniel Tynan, “. . .”
“. . . ,” attorney Schmitt claims.
Kizza and Ssanyu offer a persuasive counterargument: “. . .”
根據你引文的作用，要選用合適的動詞（一般使用一般現在時或者現在完成時）：
acknowledges adds admits agrees argues asserts believes claims comments compares confirms contends declares denies disputes emphasizes endorses grants illustrates implies insists notes observes points out reasons refutes rejects reports responds suggests thinks writes
如果沒有預示短語，讀者會覺得非常變扭，看下面這個例子：
Some experts have argued that a range of legitimate concerns justifies employer monitoring of employee Internet usage. “Employees could accidentally (or deliberately) spill confidential corporate information . . . or allow worms to spread throughout a corporate network” (Tynan).
但是如果加了預示短語，就會變得非常圓滑：
Some experts have argued that a range of legitimate concerns justifies employer monitoring of employee Internet usage. As PC World columnist Daniel Tynan points out, “Employees could accidentally (or deliberately) spill confidential corporate information . . . or allow worms to spread throughout a corporate network.”
在議論文中，證據的權威性非常重要，所以在第一次引用的時候，把作者的頭銜、資歷等都包含進去，如果不包含，就顯得蒼白，如：
Jay Kesan points out that the law holds employers liable for employees’ actions such as violations of copyright laws, the distribution of offensive or graphic sexual material, and illegal disclosure of confidential information (312).
如果加了頭銜、資歷，就不一樣了：
Legal scholar Jay Kesan points out that the law holds employers liable for employees’ actions such as violations of copyright laws, the distribution of offensive or graphic sexual material, and illegal disclosure of confidential information (312).
另外，如果你的好幾句話都是引用同一個材料，沒有必要每句話後面都標明出處，可以在第一句開頭加上 signal phrase，然後最後一句話後面加上具體的頁碼，如：
Frederick Lane believes that the personal computer has posed new challenges for employers worried about workplace productivity. Whereas early desktop computers were primitive enough to prevent employees from using them to waste time, the machines have become so sophisticated that they now make non-work-related computer activities easy and inviting. Many employees spend considerable company time customizing features and playing games on their computers. But perhaps most problematic from the employer’s point of view, Lane asserts, is giving employees access to the Internet, “roughly the equivalent of installing a gazillion-channel television set for each employee” (15-16).
如果引用的是數據或者其他的一些事實，預示短語往往沒有必要（當然加了也沒有問題），因為讀者知道你肯定是在引用，如：
Roughly 60% of responding companies reported disciplining employees who had used the Internet in ways the companies deemed inappropriate; 30% had fired their employees for those transgressions (Greenfield and Davis 347).
注意！引用之後，一定要讓讀者明白，你的引用和你想要表達的觀點之間的聯繫，不能夠引用完就結束了，所以你要寫幾句話，告訴讀者，引文對你觀點的幫助在哪裡。
以上就是關於Essay寫作引用別人材料的講解，同學們要記住，引用了別人的材料之後，一定要寫好文獻綜述。
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