Urban Studies文章精選(44-48)

Anchoring Urban Development: Globalisation, Attractiveness and Complexity錨定城市發展：全球化、吸引力和複雜性

Olivier Crevoisier（紐沙特爾大學，瑞士）

Delphine Rime（伯爾尼大學，瑞士）

首次出版時間：2020/1/13｜研究論文

Abstract:Since the work of Hoyt in the 1930s, economic theories of urban development have stressed the primacy of manufacturing because of the existence of a regional multiplier effect. This model was extended to traded services and, in the last 10 years, to the residential and presential economy, taking into account the fact that mobile consumers and residents also bring monetary flows into regions. The city today is both aproductive agglomeration and a place of living, for both local and extra-local consumers, heralding the end of the primacy of manufacturing. In this article, we go a step further and consider the primacy of other kinds of export, either based on selling competitive goods or on attracting consumers. Due to changes in globalisation and to the rise of interurban competition for spending, incomes earned on exports are less and less likely to be spent locally, and instead flow out, progressively invalidating the multiplier effect. Consequently, the hypothesis of this article is that the main issue for urban development theories and practices is combining competitiveness in terms of exports with attractiveness to local as well as to external consumers. In this article, we call complexity the idea of pushing aside the focus on exports in order to understand the tensions and synergies between all activities and populations present within the urban space. In order to formulate new research questions, we build a typology of urban income flows and activities.

摘要：自從霍伊特 (Hoyt) 在20世紀30年代開展其研究工作以來，城市發展的經濟理論一直強調製造業的首要地位，因為存在區域乘數效應。考慮到流動消費者和流動居民也會給地區帶來貨幣流入這一事實，這一模式已被擴展到服務貿易，並在過去10年中擴展到住宅經濟和旅遊經濟。對於本地和外來消費者來說，今天的城市既是一個生產集聚地，也是一個生活場所，這宣告了製造業主導地位的終結。我們在本文中更進一步，考慮其他類型出口的重要性，這些出口或者基於銷售有競爭力的商品，或者基於吸引消費者。由於全球化帶來的變化和城市間消費競爭的加劇，出口收入越來越不太可能在本地消費，而是流出，從而使乘數效應逐漸失效。因此，本文的觀點是，城市發展理論和實踐的主要課題是將出口競爭力與對本地和外來消費者的吸引力結合起來。在本文中，我們呈現了這樣一種思想的複雜性：把焦點從出口上面挪開，從而理解城市空間中所有活動和人口之間的緊張關係和協同作用。為了闡明新的研究問題，我們建立了城市收入流動和活動的類型學。

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019889310

Finance and growth nexus: An international analysis across cities金融與經濟增長的聯繫：一個跨城市的國際分析

Stefanos Ioannou（牛津大學）

Dariusz Wójcik（牛津大學）

首次出版時間：2020/1/9 ｜研究論文

Abstract:We examine the relationship between finance and economic growth in the metropolitan areas of 75 countries at various stages of economic development in the period 2001–2015. Our analysis demonstrates an inverted-U shaped relationship between finance and growth. This relationship becomes even more significant in the areas of a country outside its largest financial centre, indicating that while these areas can benefit from financial development, they are also the most vulnerable. We show that large financial centres can have an impact on growth across their national economies, but in doing so they complement rather than replace local financial centres. Overall, our results highlight the risks associated with the excesses of financial development and lend evidence to support calls for more decentralised financial systems.

摘要：我們考察了2001-2015年間處於不同經濟發展階段的75個國家大都市地區的金融與經濟增長之間的關係。我們的分析顯示了金融和增長之間的倒U型關係。這種關係在一個國家最大金融中心以外的地區變得更加顯著，這表明儘管這些地區可以從金融發展中受益，但它們也是最脆弱的。我們證明，大型金融中心可以對整個國民經濟的增長產生影響，但在此過程中，它們只是補充而不是取代地方金融中心。總體而言，我們的研究結果凸顯了金融發展過度帶來的風險，併為要求金融體系更加分散的呼籲提供了支持證據。

Keywords: economic growth, finance, financial centres, financial sector size, urban economy關鍵詞：經濟增長, 金融, 金融中心, 金融部門規模, 城市經濟

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019889244

‘The tiger’s leap’: The role of history in legitimating the authority of modern Chinese planners“老虎的飛躍”：歷史對合法化現代中國規劃師權威的作用

Xin Feng（同濟大學，中國）

Kiera Chapman（謝菲爾德，英國）

首次出版時間：2020/1/8｜研究論文

Abstract: Much has been written about the ways in which recent economic reforms have changed Chinese cities. Chinese planning is often discussed as a profession in an equivalent state of flux, as urban planners struggle to develop a new concept of their role that can find a coherent middle course between conflicting priorities: the pursuit of market-driven growth; the demands of a centralised and relatively authoritarian state; and the need to maintain a participative openness to local communities. This paper questions this emphasis on coherence within professionalism, arguing that planners in modern China define their role by sliding between very different sets of values and priorities. The term ‘public interest’ acts as a pivot in this negotiation, allowing the tensions between competing rationales to be downplayed. Furthermore, the challenges of the contemporary context do not entail leaving history behind but rather using it as a creative resource for ideas of legitimacy, authority and professionalism. Inspired by Walter Benjamin’s reflections on history, we argue that earlier models of professional authority from the Confucian and socialist traditions are mined and reinvented to cope with the uncertainties of professional decision-making in a highly conflicted present.摘要：關於近年來的經濟改革如何改變中國城市，學者們已經有了很多的著述。中國的規劃經常被認為是一個處於同等變動狀態的職業，因為城市規劃者努力發展一種關於自身角色的新的概念，以在相互衝突的優先事項之間找到一條連貫的中間路線：這些優先事項包括追求市場驅動的增長；集權和相對獨裁的國家的要求；以及對當地社區保持參與性開放的需要。本文質疑這種對專業精神方面一致性的強調，認為現代中國的規劃者通過在非常不同的價值觀和優先事項之間滑動來定義他們的角色。“公共利益”一詞在這種變換中起到了樞紐作用，使得相互競爭的理據之間的緊張關係得以淡化。此外，我們認為，當代環境的挑戰並不意味著拋棄歷史，而是將歷史作為合法性、權威性和專業性等概念的創造性資源。受沃爾特·本傑明 (Walter Benjamin) 對歷史的思考的啟發，我們認為儒家和社會主義傳統中的早期專業權威模式被挖掘和改造，以應對高度衝突的當下環境中專業決策的不確定性。

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019882913

Shrinking cities: Implications for planning cultures?城市萎縮：對規劃文化的啟示？

Karina Pallagst（凱澤斯勞滕工業大學，德國）

René Fleschurz（凱澤斯勞滕工業大學，德國）

Tetsuji Uemura（NRI，日本）

首次出版時間：2019/12/17｜研究論文

Abstract: Various institutional and cultural settings have shaped spatial planning systems with comparable features; however, such systems have been adapted to specific cultural, normative and spatial conditions. In line with the growing demand for international knowledge exchange in urban and regional planning, planning cultures have recently come into sharper focus. Moreover, it has become widely acknowledged that many cities in Europe and the USA have to deal with challenges posed by long-term demographic and economic changes. This also holds true for Japan. The objective of the research presented here is to comparatively investigate changes in planning cultures in view of shrinking cities in the USA, Germany and Japan. The findings will allow us to detect interdependencies between changes in planning cultures and societal changes in the wake of shrinkage, and finally to derive hypotheses for both the future-oriented development of shrinking cities, and the development of planning cultures based on the comparison of cultural settings. In this respect the paper concludes with the hypothesis that there might be planning cultures that are not framed by geographic entities (nations, regions, cities), but rather by topics along shrinking cities. This could offer insight into a new research sphere of ‘topical planning cultures’. While lasting effects and successes of policies and strategies applied in shrinking cities remain to be seen, their influence on a broader knowledge exchange, contextualisation and innovation in the sphere of planning cultures is evident.摘要：各種制度和文化背景塑造了具有類似特徵的空間規劃系統；然而，這些系統已經適應了特定的文化、規範和空間條件。隨著城市和區域規劃領域對國際知識交流的需求日益增長，規劃文化最近成為人們更加關注的焦點。此外，人們已經普遍認識到，歐洲和美國的許多城市必須應對長期人口和經濟變化帶來的挑戰。日本也是如此。鑑於美國、德國和日本城市的萎縮，本文的研究目的是比較研究規劃文化的變化。研究結果將使我們能夠發現規劃文化的變化和萎縮發生後的社會變化之間的相互依存關係，並最終得出收縮城市面向未來的發展和基於文化背景比較的規劃文化發展的假設。在這方面，本文的結論是假設可能有規劃文化不是由地理實體（國家、地區、城市）框定的，而是由萎縮中的城市的主題框定的。這可以為“主題規劃文化”這一新研究領域提供見解。雖然在不斷萎縮的城市中應用的政策和戰略的持久效果和成功仍有待觀察，但它們對規劃文化領域更廣泛的知識交流、語境化和創新的影響是顯而易見的。

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019885549

以上內容源自Urban Studies 論文快遞：第四十四期Urban Studies論文快遞：第四十五期Urban Studies論文快遞：第四十六期Urban Studies論文快遞：第四十七期Urban Studies論文快遞：第四十八期

排版：張禕嫻

推介 Urban Studies 期刊的最新文章和城市研究的最新動態

搭建中國城市研究學者交流切磋的學術平臺

UrbanStudiesJournal

閱讀更多 國際城市規劃 的文章

關鍵字: 美好，一直在身邊 FLOW 精選