今天的意大利，惨烈，震惊世界。
每半小时下葬一人，成批的医护人员倒下。
克莱因瓶是一个不可定向的二维紧流形，而球面或轮胎面是可 克莱因瓶 克莱因瓶 定向的二维紧流形。如果观察克莱因瓶，有一点似乎令人困惑－－ “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希门克”彗星 [67] 在太 CHAPTER X. TOBACCO OFFERINGS. 1808. It was a beautiful moonlight evening in August. A shadowy haze lingered over the river, which glistened and sparkled in the moonlight. The Chief and several members of his family were seated on the beach in front of the Wigwam listening to the Honorable Joseph Papineau, who, with his son, Louis Joseph, had come up in a canoe to see the falls. The former had recently purchased from Bishop Laval the unsettled seigniory of Petit Nation, and had erected an unpretentious cottage, which he occupied during the summer months. HON. LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU AND MADAME PAPINEAU. From Morgan's "Types of Canadian Women" (copyright, 1903), by permission. HON. LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU AND MADAME PAPINEAU. From Morgan's "Types of Canadian Women" (copyright, 1903), by permission. "It was a lovely vision," said Mr. Papineau, who had just performed the feat of canoeing to the foot of the Chaudiere Falls for the first time. "On our return we climbed the rugged cliff on the south side, and never shall I forget the panorama that spread out before us. The sun, sinking slowly behind the Laurentian hills, had clothed himself with a robe of splendor. The long reflections lay soft on the waters of the river below. The clouds of ascending mist from the Chaudiere took a thousand shades of color as the western sky faded slowly from crimson into gold and from gold to green and gray, and finally displayed dark shapes, out of which imagination might well have formed a thousand monsters.* * Louis Joseph, afterwards known as the Demosthenes of Canada, and who almost succeeded in making Canada a Republic, with himself as President, was evidently much impressed with the scene, which he described as follows: "Le soleil etait pret decendre sous l'horison, la mureille tout limpide etait d'une transparence vivre, tout penetree de lumiere vaguement prismatiseé." "As we watched the gathering shadows my thoughts went back two hundred years, to the time when Champlain went on his first trip up the 'Riviere des Algoumequins,' as he called it. About two years before he took the trip he sent Nicholas de Vignan, a young Frenchman, up the river with some friendly Indians, and Nicholas had returned with the marvellous story that he had reached the North Sea. He said that the journey could be made in a few days. He also gave an account of having seen the wreck of an English ship. "Champlain was completely taken in, and lost no time in starting off to verify the discovery for which the world had been looking for some time. His fleet consisted of two canoes with two Indians and three Frenchmen, one of whom was Dg employment to over one hundred men. Fortunately for the pioneers of the Ottawa, they were not dependent upon the small revenue derived from the cultivation of the land, but had other resources which afforded them much greater remuneration. The British Navy, which hitherto had been dependent upon Russia for its cordage and lumber, had to look elsewhere for its supply of hemp and timber, owing to the ports of the Baltic having been closed to British ships. The price of hemp having risen from ￡25 to ￡118 per ton, they undertook the cultivation of it, and raised over three-fourths of the amount raised in Lower Canada at that time. The exportation of lumber and vegetable alkali, or potash, were also great sources of revenue. In the new clearances were tons of wood ashes from which the lye was extracted and boiled till it looked like molten iron, a barrel of which sold at that time for thirty dollars. Prosperity and success crowned every commercial enterprise upon which they ventured until fire swept every mill, factory and dwelling in the thriving little village out of existence, including thousands of dollars in cash in a small safe in the office, quantities of wheat, hemp, sawn lumber, laths and general merchandise. As there was no compensation in the way of insurance, the loss was much felt. Philemon Wright was not the man to be deterred from climbing the ladder of success, even though he had to mount it by the rungs of adverse circumstances. Though the loss sustained was great, almost overwhelming, he rose above it with a courage which yielded not to disappointment or failure. The cause of the fire long remained a mystery. That it was the work of an incendiary was beyond question. Various theories were advocated by the settlers, but suspicion rested upon Machecawa, who, it was alleged, had been seen by the bookkeeper at a late hour lingering about the mills, a suspicion which gained no credence with the Chief and his family.阳系的周围还包裹着一个庞大的“奥尔特云”。星云内分布着不计其数的冰块、雪团和碎石。其中的某些会受太阳引力影响飞入内太阳系，这就是彗 [76] 在超新星爆发的过程中所释放的能量，需要我们的太阳燃烧900亿年才能与之相当。[77] 超新星研究有着关乎人类自身命运的深层意义。如果一颗超新星爆发的位置非常接近地球，目前国际天文学界普遍认为此距离在100光年以内，它就能够对地球的生物圈产生明显的影响，这样的超新星被称为近地超新星。有研究认为，在地球历史上的奥陶纪大灭绝，就是一颗近地超新星引起的，这次灭绝导致当时地球近60%的海洋生物消失。[78]
克莱因瓶是一个不可定向的二维紧流形，而球面或轮胎面是可 克莱因瓶 克莱因瓶 定向的二维紧流形。如果观察克莱因瓶，有一点似乎令人困惑－－克莱因瓶的瓶颈和瓶身是相交的，换句话近代科学兴起的先驱者、是捍卫科学真理并为此献身的殉道士。有另一种说法认为，近代以来关于罗马梵蒂冈的地心说和哥白尼的日心说的斗争是被严重夸大的。布鲁诺1600年遭受火刑的原因，并非因知行星围绕太阳作圆周运动。然而，人们是否能接受哥白尼提出的新的宇宙模式呢？全世界的人——尤其是权力极大的天主教会是否相信太阳是宇宙中心这一说法呢？由于害怕教会的惩罚，哥白尼在世时不敢公开他的发现。1543年，这一发现才公诸天下。即使在那个时候，哥白尼的发现还不断受到教会高无上的真理，凡是违背圣经的学说，Eighteen months passed. The Chief was in Quebec with Hannah and Abbie awaiting the arrival of Rug, who had been sent by his father to the Mother Land to dispose of two cargoes of timber. It was an unusually cold evening in June. Snow had been falling all day. The neighboring hills were covered with large feathery crystals, which, however, soon melted as the sun appeared for a moment before sinking behind the gray walls of the Castle St. Louis. Just as the evening gun was fired, news had reached the union Hotel that a vessel had been sighted near the Island of Orleans. It was ascertained that it w against a sea voyage from the time they left Liverpool. "Nor is this all," he said; "I have something better still on board for the new settlement, namely, twenty-five English families, who are going to take up land in the township and pay for it in work." "And who nearly turned mutineers," added the captain, slapping him on the shoulder, "did they not, Wright?" "How was that?" asked the Chief. "When we boarded the vessel at Liverpool," replied Rug, "some were bright and cheerful, but most of them were in tears, which showed that they did not leave the Old Land without a struggle. We soon weighed anchor and were under sail with a fair wind, but it came round to the east and blew fresher, so that we were forced to come to anchor not far from the place we left. The ship, as you may see, was fitted up for the timber trade, and has only a small cabin or quarter-deck. On each side are ranged two tiers of berths for passengers providing their own bedding. Along the open space in the middle we placed two rows of large chests which were used sometimes as tables, sometimes as seats—all of which I shall show you presently. There was much noise and confusion before all found berths; crying children, swearing sailors, scolding women, who had not been able to secure the beds they wanted, produced a chorus of a very melancholy nature. The disagreeableness of it was heightened by the darkness of the night and the rolling and a new and better country. "As we neared the banks of Newfoundland a most extraordinary phenomenon was produced by the dashing of the salt water against the bow of the ship in the evening. The water seemed on fire and produced a very fine effect. The next day a mass of ice appeared about two hundred yards distant. It was almost half a mile in length, and was moving south-east. Soon after we found the channel between Cape Breton and Cape Ray, and got into the ice. The captain sent eight men to the bow with fenders. One piece knocked splinters off the bow and threw us all down. About five days later we reached the Island of Anticosti, but I was too ill to see it. We saw porpoises in shoals plunging about the ship, while the sailors tried to harpoon them beneath the bow. About two hundred and eighty miles below Quebec the pilot came on board. His number was painted in large characters on his sail as well as on his boat. He had a cask of fresh water and some maple sugar, which he sold at an extortionate price to the passengers. "Near Bic Island we saw whales spouting water at a great height, and a habitant came out in a boat with a large basket of eggs, which he disposed of at a shilling per dozen, and so we continued on until the domes and towers of Quebec came in sight and I began to realize the inexpressible joy of being at home once more."* * Diary of Rev. Robert Bell and letters of R. Wright. Rug was a young man of great executive ability, a young man whose word could be relied upon with absolute certainty, a young man who proved himself the very soul of honor in all his business transactions.都被斥为“异端邪说”，凡是反对神权统治的人，都被处以火刑。新兴的资产阶级为自己的生存和发展，掀起了一场反对封建制度和教会迷信思想的斗争，出现了人文主义的思潮。他们使用的战斗武器，就是未被神学染污的古希腊的哲学、科学和文艺。这就是震撼欧洲的文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴首先发生于意大利，很快就扩大到波兰及欧洲其他国家。与此同时，商业的活跃也促进了对外贸易的发展。在“黄金”这个符咒的驱使下，许多欧洲冒险者远航非洲、印度及整个远东地区。远洋航行需要丰富的天文和地理知识，从实际中积累起来的观测资料，使人们感到当时流行的“地静天动”的宇宙 CHAPTER IV. AN INDIAN SUITOR. 1803. Machecawa and his friend O'Jawescawa became frequent visitors at the Wigwam. They would come in the morning, uninvited, and sit silently all day long before the open fire and observe all that was going on. The spinning-wheel and hand-loom were objects of unceasing interest to them, and though it proved a great distraction to the children in their studies, and to the girls in the performance of their domestic duties, to have them there, they were always treated not only with respect but with consideration and kindness. One morning Machecawa stood gazing intently into the fire. His face wore an expression of perplexity. At length he turned to the White Chief, who was explaining a mathematical problem to one of his boys, and said: "Big Injun, he want to speak his thoughts from books. He want to know white man's Manitou." "May I teach him, father? Just for an hour every day?" said Chrissy, a tall, fair, thoughtful girl of seventyour neck, Machecawa?" said Bearie, the second son, a short, well knit, sturdy-looking youth of eighteen, whose every expression reflected a bright, happy, generous disposition. "She am my Manitou," replied the Indian. &q39;you no eat no teeng seex days.' By em by I am dream some teeng, me, dat some teeng she am my manitou. She help me kill beeg bear; she mak dem Iroquois dogs run like one wild moose. My fadder she am pleese; she make my manitou on my arm—see!" he said, rolling up his sleeve. On his shoulder was the rude outline of a fish, which had been tatooed with sharp bones and with the juice of berries rubbed in. "But what is in the little bag?" asked Bearie. "Will you let me see it?" After a good deal of reluctance he gave in at last, and two curious boys untied the precious parcel, while the others, equally curious, looked over his shoulders at a few old broken fish bones which were all the little bag contained. "Well, old man," said Bearie, slowly replacing the sacred relics, "we put our faith in something better than that. The white man trusts the Great Spirit in heaven to care for him and to take him to heaven when he dies." "Any bear in hebben?" asked the Indian. "No," said Bearie, "only good people." "Dat hebben she am no good for big Injun," said Machecawa, sadly. "De happy hunting ground she am full of moose, buffalo, bear, beaver. She am far, far away at de end of land, where de sun she sleep—two, tree moons away. One beeg dog she am cross, an' she bark at dead Injun, but he go on, an' on, an' on, an' den he am glad." It began to dawn upon the vigilant mother at length that it was not so much the wonders of civilization nor the desire to "speak his thoughts from books" that led Machecawa day after day to the Wigwam, as an ever-increasing interest in her fun-loving daughter, Abbie, who was a year younger than Chrissy, and who seemed unconscious of the fact that the eyes of the red chief were ever upon her.学说值得怀疑，这就要求人们进一步去探索宇宙的秘密，从而推进了天文学和地理学的发展。1492年，意大利著名的航海家哥伦布发现新大陆，麦哲伦和他的同伴绕地球一周，证明地球是圆形的，使人们开始真正认识地球。[4] 对他国的影响 在教会严密控制下的中世纪，也发生过轰轰烈烈的宗教革命。因为天主教的很多教义不符合圣经的教诲，而加入了太多教皇的个人意志以及各类神学家的自身成果，所以很多信徒开始质疑天主教的教义和组织，发起回归圣经的行动来。捷克的爱国主义者、布拉格大学校长扬·胡斯（1369～1415年）在君士坦丁堡的宗教会议上公开谴责德意志封建主与天主教会对捷克的压迫和剥削。他虽然被反动教会处以火刑，但他的革命活动在社会上引起了强烈的反应。捷克农民在胡斯党人的旗帜下举行起义，这次运动也波及波兰。1517年，在德国，马丁·路德（1483～1546年）反对教会贩卖赎罪符，与罗马教皇公开决裂。1521年，路德又在沃尔姆国会上揭露罗马教廷的罪恶，并提出建立基督教新教的主张。新教的教义得到许多国家的支持，波兰也深受影响。
现实版“死神来了”正在上演。
据意大利民防局周五晚间公布，
意大利周五新冠病毒肺炎死亡病例新增627例，
增幅达18.4%，累计死亡病例4032例。
这是疫情爆发以来死亡人数最多的一天。
周四开始，
意大利新冠病毒肺炎死亡人数已经超过中国。
而意大利新增确诊病例,
24小时增长近6000例，上升幅度大约14%。
贝加莫，这座仅有12万人口的小城，
目前已确诊超4350例。
当地医疗官哽咽得语不成句：
“在贝加莫，每人都有一个亲戚或朋友离世。”
密密麻麻的棺材，无处安放。当地火葬场虽已24小时运转，仍有尸体无法火化。
由于死者过多，意大利军方不得不派70辆卡车运送尸体出城火化，自第二次世界大战以来，此番场景从未有过。
运送尸体的卡车一眼望不到边
铺天盖地的讣告登满了报纸
小区外墙，密密麻麻的讣告
惨烈程度，震惊了援意的中国专家组：
“意大利重灾区，工作难度超出预期。”
医护人员是这场战斗中伤亡最重的人群。
意大利
3万多感染者中，8.3%的比率来自医护人员。
截止目前，超过3715人被感染。
教皇若望二十三世医院，贝加莫市最大的一所医院。20%到30%的医护人员已确定被感染。没有被感染的也因过度劳累徘徊在生死边缘。
竟然有10人确诊感染。
截止目前，共有475名护士倒下。
她就这样静静地趴着，再没醒来。
01
Paolo Miranda，
一名重症监护病房的护士（以下称“保罗”），
他供职的，是小城克雷莫纳市唯一的医院。
“他们都说我们是英雄，但我们不是，
我很害怕，我从没见过这么多死人。”
过去一个月，保罗和很多同事一样，
每天持续不间断地工作12小时 。
绝望中，保罗拿起相机，
记录下了他身边真实的意大利“红区”。
“走廊里一声嚎叫，我冲出门，是Luca知道被确诊感染了，她是我的同事，看着她瘫软哭泣，我却什么都做不了……”
“太累了，连续工作12小时后，她坐着睡着了。”
“让我拥抱你，我的同事，我的战友。
身边的战友一个个倒下，
我不知道明天会在哪里，如果还有明天的话……”
“收拾好心情，擦干眼泪，
我必须拼尽全力，再次站起。”
“相互检查，彼此鼓励，
这是我们的天职，也是我们的战场。”
“身处绝境，
但我们，别无选择，
战斗吧，姐妹兄弟！
哪怕，只剩最后一点力气……”
02
如果没有疫情，Daniele Macchini本该成为一位幸福的新郎。但是，几天前他被感染了，检测结果是阳性。女友得知后，执意和他在入院前完成婚礼。全城戒严，若大的教堂，空无一人。她和他戴着口罩，彼此拥吻。穿过婆娑的泪眼，她在他耳边轻声说：“今日起，我便是你的妻子，无论疾病、生死，
再没什么，能把我们分开。”
新人的婚礼/图片来源BBC
“无论贫穷还是富有，
疾病还是健康，
相爱相敬不离不弃啊，
死亡，也不能把我们分离……”
03
小城Brescia的疫情也是相当严峻，
医院同样面临呼吸机气阀零件严重不足的情况。
在供货商拿不出货，还拒绝提供蓝图的情况下，
当地小伙自己用3D打印机鼓捣出了呼吸机的零件。
各地“临时简易版方舱医院”也紧急搭起。
医生在走道里面给病人看病。
几乎每位医护人员都在18小时连续运转。
GNV船务公司将豪华渡轮
交付给了古里亚大区用来抗击新冠病毒疫情。
04
2月7日被派去温州大学医学院附属第一医院支援，
日夜奋战，直到3月13日才回到杭州。
一家人只见了一面之后，
他再次代表中国，出征意大利。
抱着3岁的女儿文文，他说：
“宝贝不哭，很远的地方，
好多爷爷奶奶病了，爸爸要去帮助他们……”
“请原谅爸爸不能陪你，
长大后你会明白，
爸爸今日的无悔选择。”
她叫王晓燕，浙大一院感染科护士长，
也是浙江省新冠肺炎专家组成员。
近两个月的时间里，她几乎天天睡在医院。
在国内疫情取得阶段性胜利后，
她又接到了另一项使命——驰援意大利。
来不及休息，她又将启程。
临行前，她只说了三句话：
我应该去，
我可以去，
我愿意去！
除了12位中国专家，
此次随行携带了包括
呼吸机、监护仪、双通道输液泵等ICU装备、
便携式彩超、实验室检测试剂、
防护物资、常用药品等
共计9吨物品。
12个小时的飞行，
跨越10556公里，近8个国家，
于当地时间3月18日傍晚，
降落在米兰市马尔彭萨国际机场。
米兰市用最隆重的奏国歌方式
欢迎中国专家团的到来。
而此时，
中国第一批援意医疗队
也深入到了疫情震中“帕多瓦”。
05
友谊不是偶然的选择，而是志同道合的结果。
Le amicizie non si scelgono a caso ma secondo le passioni che dominano.
——莫拉维亚
Alberto Moravia
“相知无远近，万里尚为邻”，“浮云游子意，明月故乡情”。今年，中意建交整整50周年，半个世纪的友情由来已久。
1970年11月，
中国和意大利发表建交公报，
这是第二个和我国建立外交关系的国家。
此时，中美关系尚未解冻，而新中国还没有恢复在联合国的合法席位。
1982年，中意两国政府正在洽谈一笔贷款项目，
中方提出在北京建立急救中心的设想。
意方将180万美元的捐赠款
提升到了800万美元，
并捐赠了42辆救护车。
1988年，意大利无偿援助中国建立多个医疗急救中心。当时，整个欧洲只有意大利愿意出手相助。
同年，意大利总理专程赶来中国，
参加重庆急救中心落成典礼。
一同带来的还有价值
300万美元的设备，19辆救护车和全套的ICU病房装备。
30多年来，这个急救中心挽救了无数人的生命。
2008年5月，中国汶川发生7.8级大地震，意大利是第一支到达地震现场，并展开快递救援的西方大国专家团队。先后派遣多架专机运送来大批救灾物资，火速在灾区建起了流动医院。5月15日，帐篷告急，三天后，意大利两架专机满载野战帐篷而来。怕不会安装，意大利还送来了五名专业技术人员。
5月17日，药品急缺，三天后，意大利又派出
16人专家组飞抵成都。
援助期间，
有约900名伤员转危为安。
援助结束后，
全部送给了中方。
06
意大利圣玛丽亚医院门前的一张写字板，用歪歪扭扭的意大利语和中文写道：“医生和护士，现世英雄，没有诗人来诉讼你们的英勇事迹，忠（衷）心的感谢”。
意大利四面楚歌之际，全国上下“一罩难求”。天价口罩更是登堂入室。
4只口罩高达60欧元
中国留学生立即行动，
将口罩分批装入信封，挨家挨户投递。保证他们出门时有足够的安全防护。
中国，从国家到个人的善举，得到了意大利人的暖心回馈，字条上写着“您应为在中国出生而感到自豪。”还有居民不但用意大利语表达了感谢，还在字条上用汉语拼音写上了“XieXie”。
意大利人铺天盖地的感谢之声！
3月20日，中国政府宣布：
向82个国家和世界卫生组织
非盟提供援助，
包括检测试剂、口罩、防护服等，
其中多批援助物资已经送达受援方。
四海之内，水本同源，
叶本同枝，花本同畦。
“山水之邻，风雨相济。”
“岁寒松柏，长毋相忘。”
文艺复兴
世界遗产
中华文明
拔山扛鼎
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