介词宾语的11种形式(如动词原形、不定式)(手打首发)

介词表达的是其后所接的人、物、事与其他的人、物、事等之间的关系,介词始终(必须)带有宾语,当然介词可以与其宾语分隔开来(如What are you doing that for?)。

——这也是高考英语所考察时出现几处纰漏原因所在。

介词与动词、名词、形容词等搭配能力极强,难度颇高,毕竟英语是“表达…关系”的语言——“关系”摸不着看不见。学习英语到了一定的程度,就可以说是学“介词”的语言了——相对应的初高中英语可以说是学习动词的语言。

高中英语考试大纲中出现了57个(单个单词的)介词,其中常考介词13个。

有人统计过在英语中常用的介词有105个,介词of有63种用法。

《柯林斯英语语法系列1介词》这部书中罗列了124个介词、556种不同的用法。

这非本文所讨论的重点。


介词像及物动词一样带宾语,叫介词宾语(介词短语)。

我们知道主语、宾语的表现形式可以是:名词(或名词词组)、代词、the +形容词/分词、不定式、动名词、名词性从句、疑问词+不定式,介词短语也是可以充当主语与宾语的。

介词的as后面还可以接形容词作其宾语,动词原形也可以出现在介词之后。


1. +名词,名词短语,如:

She bought a present for Tom.

I often feel nervous when I’m among strangers.

Among his baggage was a medicine chest.

Red is for danger. 红色表示危险


2. +数词,如:

I set my alarm clock for 6.30. 我把闹钟拨到6点半响。

in 2004在2004年

Shaw first visited Russia in 1927. 萧与1927年第一次访问苏俄。


3. +代词(宾格、反身代词、名词性所有格等),如:

between you and me, between us

The accident was the death of him.

You must learn to look after yourself.

They enjoyed themselves.

Is Maria a friend of yours?

I’ve read that book of yours.


4. +连词,如:

The log cabin stayed empty; except when we came.

除非我们到来,要不然那间小木屋一直都是空的。

Don’t leave until after I’ve spoken to you.

I didn’t reach the station until after the train had left.

My dear mom and dad never told me that I couldn’t be a doctor, not until after I graduated from medical school!


5. +副词(大都是表时间或地点的副词),如:

from then on, until recently,from here, in here等

The conditions in there are awful, you know.

你要知道,那里的条件很艰苦。


6. +形容词——很多是被看作是固定搭配/结构了,如:

We don’t consider a child as

important。

常见的几个搭配:at large, in brief, next to impossible, go from bad to worse等。

《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》第七版第1135页large词条

该词条large词性的标注只是出现了adj., verb形容词、动词的标记,并没有名词、副词等的说法,但我们看到at large的含义:

at large 1整个;全部;总地;一般地

at large 2(危险的人或动物)未被捕获的;自由的(相当于free, at liberty)

《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》第七版第239页brief词条

在词条brief adj.出现的条目下给出了in brief的搭配:

in brief: in a few words, without details简言之;一言以蔽之

《朗文当代高级英语辞典》第四版第1538页next to词条

该词条下面的next to算是个搭配,下面有

next to impossible/useless etc几乎不可能/几乎没有用等

《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》第七版第2326页worse词条

在worse adj.形容词词性的条目下出现了from bad to worse这个搭配:

go from bad to worse(不好的情况、局势等)每况愈下;越来越糟


7. +动词原形(也可以认为是省略了to的动词不定式结构),如:

That child does nothing but watch TV. (does…watch)

那个孩子除了看电视外什么也不干。

《新编高级英语语法》章振邦主编第199页8)

带to不定式与不带to不定式8)用在介词except/but之后:

如果except/but之前有动词“do”的某种形式,其后通常用不带to不定式,否则带to。例如:

They did nothing except work.

There’s no choice but to wait.


8. + 非谓语动词中的动词不定式to do(包括疑问词+不定式结构)

也有认为but/except+to do动词不定式结构时,词性是连词。

《牛津英语用法指南》(第三版)第149页3 but后面的动词

带to的动词不定式用作no alternative/choice/option but的后面

The train was cancelled, so I had no alternative but to take a taxi.

这趟火车取消了,我没有别的选择,只有乘出租车了。


9. +非谓语动词中的-ing,如动名词等,如:

I’m looking forward to seeing you soon.

《牛津英语语法要点精讲》第229页

He’s afraid of being hit by a car. 他害怕被汽车撞。

《朗文英语语法》(L.G.亚历山大编著)第584页

I object to being kept waiting. 我对要我等待感到反感。


10. +介词(短语)——所谓的介词连用,如:

except in the summer

from behind the desk

from among/above

I cannot sell them for under ten dollars.

《朗文英语语法》(L.G.亚历山大编著)第274页

有时介词与介词也可直接结合,如:

That’s the boy from over the road. 那就是住在对过的男孩。

Come out from under there, will you? 你从那儿底下出来还是不出来?


11. 名词性从句

He told me (of) what he had seen and heard.

Your success will largely depend on/upon what you do and how you do it.

2020年3月13日


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