【英語】高中英語語法系列:虛擬語氣,難點要掌握!(下)

(二)狀語從句中的虛擬語氣

1、方式狀語從句

由as if或as though引導的狀語從句可以用陳述語氣表示可能符合事實的情況,也可以用虛擬語氣表示與事實不符或與事實相反的情況。

①表示與現在事實不相符,用一般過去時

The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child.

這位老師對待這位學生就像自己的親生孩子一樣。(這位學生並不是她的親生孩子)

②表示與過去事實不相符,用過去完成時

I feltas though we had known each other for years.

我感覺我們好像認識多年了。(其實並沒有認識多年)

③表示與將來事實不相符,用would/might/could

It looksas if it might rain.

天看上去好像要下雨。(不大可能下雨)

【對比】

He looks as if he is young.

看樣子他好像很年輕。(他就是年輕)

He looks as if he were young.

看樣子他好像很年輕。(實際上他不年輕)

2、目的狀語從句

(1)由incase, lest, for fear that引導的目的狀語從句,動詞用“should+動詞原形”結構,表示憂慮或目的。

Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget.

請你明天再提醒我這件事,以免我忘記。

She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget.

她一再強調這一點免得他忘記。

We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there should be any misunderstanding.

我們開了一個會,面對面談了這件事,以免發生任何誤會.

(2)在inorder that和so that引導的目的狀語從句中,往往用can(could)或may(might)。

I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget.

我要把你的電話號碼記下來,以免忘記。

They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time.

為了能提前完成工作,他們比往常更加努力。

We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.

我把真實情況告訴你,使你能自己作出判斷。

3、讓步狀語從句

讓步狀語從句指事實時,從句謂語動詞用陳述語氣。若從句內容表示現在和將來的假設情況,從句謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。

Though he (should) fail, there would still be hope.

即使他失敗了,仍有一線希望。

I should say the same thing even if he were here.

即使他在這裡,我還是要這麼說。

Whether he (should) succeed or fail, we shall have to do our part.

不管他成功還是失敗,我們還是要做好自己的事。

However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together.

不管雨下得多麼大,今晚我們還是要去那裡。

No matter what his social position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the law.

一個人不論其社會地位如何,在法律面前都是平等的。

(三)定語從句中的虛擬語氣

在It is (high) time (that) ...結構中,定語從句的謂語動詞用過去式,表示“到某人該做某事的時間了”。

It is time that the children went to bed.

到孩子們睡覺的時間了。

It is high time that we began the meeting.

正是我們開會的時間了。

四、其他句型中的虛擬語氣

(一)If only......

If only位於句首引起的感嘆句用虛擬語氣,動詞用一般過去時表示目前的願望,用過去完成時表示過去的願望,用would或could表示將來。

If onlyhe knew the answer.

他要是知道答案就好了。(用過去時表示現在)

If onlyI could speak several foreign languages!

我要是能講幾種外語就好了!(用would/could表示將來)

If only you had told me the truth before.

要是你以前告訴我真相就好了。(用過去完成時表示過去)

【注意】if only和wish的用法相同,表示的意願也基本相同。

If only it would rain.

但願天能下點兒雨!

(=How I wish it would rain.)

If onlyI had known her earlier!

要是我早點兒認識她就好了!

(= Iwish I had known her earlier.)

(二)would rather

would rather, would prefer, would sooner等後接從句,表示“寧願”,動詞用過去時表示當時和將來的情況,用過去完成時表示過去的情況。

I wouldrather you left today.

我寧可你今天走。

I would prefer he didn't stay here too long.

我倒希望他不要在這兒呆得太久。

I would rather I hadn't seen that film yesterday.

我寧願昨天沒有看那場電影。

【提示】would rather主要有兩種用法:

A. 後接不帶to的不定式

I'd rather play tennis than swim.

我寧願打網球,也不願游泳。

I'd rather not go to the movies.

我寧願不去看電影。

Which would you rather have, tea or coffee?

你喜歡喝茶,還是咖啡?

B. 後接不用連詞的that從句

I'd rather you went home now.

我希望你現在就回家。

I would rather my daughter attended a public school.

我希望我的女兒能上公立學校。

(三)表示願望的感嘆句

在表示祝願的感嘆句中,用動詞原形,表示願望。

Long live the People's Republic of China!

中華人民共和國萬歲!

May you be happy!

祝您快樂!

God bless you!

上帝保佑你!

Success attend you!

祝你成功!

The Lord save us!

願主救我們!

(四)情態動詞用於虛擬語氣

部分情態動詞的過去形式(could,might, should, would),可以用於非真實條件句以及其他結構中表示虛擬語氣。

1、表示想像或猜測

If Icould speak French, I would teach you.

如果我會說法語,我就能教你。(我不會,所以不能教你)

If you phoned him right now, you might get the matter settled.

如果你現在給他打電話,你就可以把問題解決了。

There could be something wrong with the tape recorder.

這臺錄音機可能出毛病了。

He mighthave said so.

他可能這樣說過。

Could he have done such a foolish thing?

他會做這樣的傻事嗎?

2、表示委婉或客氣

虛擬語氣(could,would, might +動詞原形)可使說話者的口氣變得委婉客氣。

You could answer this email for me.

你可以替我回這個電子郵件。

Could you leave me your telephone number and address?

你能將電話號碼和地址留給我嗎?

Would you mind opening the window?勞駕把窗子打開,好嗎?

You might as well put off the discussion till next week.

你們不妨把討論推遲到下個星期。

【比較】

would like to do願意,想要

would like to have done本來想

I would like (to have) a word with you.

我想和你談一談。(現在想)

I would like to have talked with you.

我原本想和你談一談的。(沒有談成)

3、表示惋惜或責備

Given more time, we could have done better.

如果給我們更多時間,我們能夠幹得更好些。(我們並沒有得到更多的時間)

You could have got up a little earlier!

你完全可以早點兒起來!(實際上沒有早起)

It was cold yesterday. I should have worn a heavy coat.

昨天很冷,我該穿件厚外套的。(但我沒穿)

This wall shouldn't have been pained blue.

這牆不應該漆成藍色。(但已漆了)

【提示】

當代英語一個顯著的變化就是虛擬語氣的使用越來越少,許多該用虛擬語氣的地方都用陳述語氣代替。

He suggested that I went to the hospital at once.

他建議我們立刻去醫院。(原應用shouldgo)

We shall write down the address lest we forget.

我們要把地址記下來,以免忘記。(原應用shouldforget)

Imagine you are an astronaut.

設想你是個宇航員。(原應用were)


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