Which Vaccinations Do I Need?
A Guide for Adults with Kidney Disease, Kidney Failure, or a Kidney Transplant
腎臟病患者，需要接種疫苗嗎？
適合腎內科醫生，成人慢性腎臟病，腎衰竭，腎移植患者閱讀
Why do I need a vaccination?
Vaccines help keep you from getting a serious disease. They protect you from many common diseases, like the flu, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B and pneumonia. Many of these diseases can make you very sick and cause death. People with these diseases can pass them along and make others around them sick, so vaccines can also help protect others. Some people have a higher risk of becoming seriously ill from these diseases, especially elderly people, children, and people with chronic illnesses including those on dialysis.
為什麼要接種疫苗？
疫苗主要是預防某些嚴重以及致死性疾病的發生，比如：流感、白喉、破傷風、乙型肝炎和肺炎。這些疾病通常還具有一定傳染性，患病人群可以讓周圍的人生病，尤其是老年人、兒童和患有慢性腎病疾病的高風險人群，最容易被感染。
How do vaccines work?
Vaccines are usually given as a shot (an injection with a small needle). They protect you by helping your body's immune system "prepare" for a real infection. To do this, vaccines contain parts of a dead or weakened germ. Once you get the shot, your body produces antibodies, which help your body find and kill these germs. Should you come in contact with the real germ, these antibodies will work to protect you. Some vaccines need a booster shot to help your body's immune system make enough antibodies. This is why some vaccines might need one shot, while others need more than one shot. In some cases, a blood test is used to make sure there are enough antibodies for protection.
疫苗是如何工作的？
通常疫苗含有部分死亡或弱化的細菌，一旦被注射到人體，身體會產生特異性抗體，如果你接觸到真正的細菌，這些抗體會保護你，做到未雨綢繆。一些疫苗需要加強注射來幫助你的身體免疫系統產生足夠的抗體，這就是為什麼有些疫苗只需要一次注射，而有些疫苗需要多次注射。
Are vaccines safe?
Vaccines are among the safest therapies available. They have protected millions of people from serious disease.
As with any medication, there are some possible side effects. Some people could feel minor discomfort. There could be some soreness or a mild rash on the skin where the shot was given. Others might get a slight fever. However, these mild effects are normal and should not cause alarm.
There are some people who should not receive vaccines, including those allergic to vaccines, or people with an overactive immune system. Also, women who are pregnant, people with a kidney transplant, or those with a less active immune system should not receive certain vaccines.
As with any medicine, there is a very small risk that serious problems could occur. But the possible harm from vaccines is very small. The possible harm from infection is much greater. Talk with a healthcare provider about any questions or concerns you may have.
疫苗安全嗎？
疫苗是非常安全的一種保護措施，它保護了數百萬人免受嚴重疾病的侵害。
當然，和任何藥物一樣，也有一些可能的副作用。有些人會感到輕微的不適，比如：注射部位的皮膚可能會有些痠痛或輕度皮疹、低熱。這些輕微的影響是正常的，不必驚恐或顧慮，出現嚴重問題的風險非常小。
有些人不應該接種疫苗，包括對疫苗過敏的人，或者免疫系統過度活躍的人。此外，孕婦、腎移植患者或免疫系統不太活躍的人不應該接種某些疫苗。
If I have a transplant, which vaccines should I avoid?
Vaccines work with the body's immune system. If the immune system does not work properly, the vaccine may not work or may even cause harm. Because transplant recipients use medications that affect the immune system, it is important to understand which vaccines you should and should not have. Most vaccines fall into two categories: inactive or live. Inactive vaccines are considered safe for transplant recipients, but live vaccines should be avoided. In general, if you have a transplant, you should avoid:
- Influenza nasal (Flu Mist). The flu shot that is injected is an inactive vaccine, unlike the nasal mist noted here.
- Chicken-pox (varicella)
- Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
- Yellow Fever
如果我進行了移植，我應該避免哪種疫苗？
腎移植患者長期使用影響免疫系統的藥物，所以需要了解疫苗有關知識，因為一名對您來說，並非一定就是安全的。
大多數疫苗分為兩類:非活性疫苗和活性疫苗。非活性疫苗被認為對移植患者是安全的，但是活疫苗應該避免接種。一般來說，如果你進行了腎移植，你應該避免注射以下疫苗:
- 流感疫苗(經鼻吸入的,屬於活疫苗)。注意：流感疫苗（注射式）是一種非活性疫苗，可以注射。
- 水痘
- 帶狀皰疹
- 麻疹、腮腺炎、風疹
- 黃熱病
注意：長期使用激素和免疫抑制劑的腎病患者，原則上也應該避免以上疫苗的接種。
How often do I need a vaccination?
Depending on the vaccine, you may need only one shot to protect you for life. Other vaccines may require booster shots or a series of shots. Some vaccines are needed only if you travel to a place where you are likely to contract a disease that is common to that area. (See chart below for a list of vaccinations commonly recommended for adults with kidney disease.)
我多久需要，接種一次疫苗？
根據疫苗的不同，有些疫苗只需要注射一針就可以保護你一生，但有些疫苗，需要多次注射。還有一些疫苗，只有當你去一個你可能感染該地區常見疾病的地方旅行時，才需要接種。(見下表，瞭解通常推薦給患有腎臟疾病的成年人的疫苗接種列表。)
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