指導老師|肖珺
翻譯|曹學燕 審核|張馳
1.What is a “knowledge labor”？
何為“知識勞工”？
Knowledge of knowledge itself is an important source of productivity. Castells said in The rise of Network society. With the development of information capitalization, a new model of work is emerging—knowledge labor.
卡斯特在《網絡社會的崛起》一書中談到，知識（本身）的知識是生產力的重要來源。隨著信息資本主義的發展，一種新的工作模式也在逐漸興起——知識勞工。
The knowledge labor working hours are more flexible and free, the workplace is no longer fixed, spreading to globalization, and the most important point is that knowledge labor provides immaterial labor.
知識勞工的工作時間更加靈活和自由，工作地點不再被限制、趨於全球化。而且最重要的一點在於知識勞工提供非物質勞動。
表1：丹·席勒對於知識勞工的四種劃分
In how to think about information, Dan Schiller combines knowledge labors with pay and markets, and divides them into four categories through different pay and market conditions.
丹·席勒在《如何思考信息》一書中將知識勞工與工資和市場結合在一起，通過不同的工資以及市場情況，將其分為四種。
The knowledge labors of the network era have more types on this basis: net-worker, flex-timer, permatemp, precariat, crowdsourcing, etc.
網絡時代的知識勞工在此基礎上有著更多的類型：網絡工作者，彈性上班人員，長期短工，遊移工人，眾包等。
The changes Network brings are not only formalistic, it even makes a part of knowledge labors’ working demands from money to a self-fulfilling spiritual happiness, they pay more attention to share and disseminate.
網絡帶來的改變並沒有只流於形式，它甚至於讓一些知識勞工的工作訴求從金錢轉向了一種自我滿足的精神幸福，知識勞工們更加註重勞動成果的分享和傳播。
2.The development of YYeTs
人人影視字幕組的前世今生
Subtitle group refers to the non-profit organizations that subtitle translation and production of overseas film and TV dramas by means of network and digital technology, and disseminate them through Internet means.
字幕組是指藉助網絡和數字技術手段，對海外影視劇進行字幕翻譯和製作，並將其通過互聯網手段傳播出去的非盈利組織。
With the development of Internet technology, the transmission of film and television resources has become more convenient, and people's demand for the localization of other countries' film and television resources has increased, so the subtitle group has grown up on this basis.
隨著互聯網技術的發展，影視資源的傳輸變得更為便捷，人們對於別國影視資源的本土化需求增大，字幕組就在此基礎上成長起來。
YYeTs originated from the domestic film and television resources BBS -- "YY film and music leisure center" BBS bbs.zingking.com.
人人影視起源於國內影視資源論壇——“YY影音休閒中心”的論壇bbs.zingking.com。
In 2003, a few Canadian students who are interested in American TV drama, wanted to translate for domestic users to watch, they established the YYeTs, and began to translate "24," "lost"， "alias", "Battlestar Galactica" and so on, making the domestic Internet users really come into contact with the American TV drama.
2003年，幾位加拿大留學生對美劇很感興趣，想翻譯出來給國內網友觀看，就成立了YYeTs，並且開始翻譯《24小時》《迷失》《雙面女間諜》《太空堡壘卡拉迪迦》等劇，使得國內網友真正接觸到美劇這一劇種。
The New York times, which first focused on subtitles, called them "people who break cultural barriers."
最早關注字幕組的《紐約時報》稱他們為：“打破文化屏障的人。”
Then, YYeTs experienced its heyday, decline and regression.
隨後，人人影視字幕組經歷了鼎盛，衰落與迴歸。
3.Web-based volunteer based on interest.
基於興趣的網絡義工
Not all knowledge labors strive for a material return, and the group members of the title group are gathering due to interest, gaining emotional satisfaction in the course of free labor, and rewarding them as a return.
並不是所有的知識勞工都僅為物質回報而努力，字幕組成員們因興趣聚集在一起，在免費勞動的過程中獲得精神滿足感，並將其作為回報。
（1）Professional members
專業人員
For translators, CET6 is the minimum threshold, which is mainly to guarantee the quality of translation.
字幕組對於成員的語言和技術能力要求嚴格，對於翻譯人員來說，CET6只是最低門檻，這主要是為了保證翻譯內容的質量。
Taking YYeTs open class as an example, it requires not only the ability to translate, but also the higher professional knowledge and localization ability of translators.
以YYeTs公開課為例，不僅是翻譯能力，同時對於翻譯人員的專業知識和本土化能力都有較高的要求。
However, there is no reward for such high-intensity work. Therefore, the participants themselves have great love and interest in the TV series, and are willing to provide free labor for the subtitle group.
但這樣高強度工作的背後是沒有報酬的，因此參與者大都本身對影視劇集抱著極大的熱愛和興趣，才願意為字幕組提供無償的勞動。
（2）Flexible working hours and space
彈性的工作時間與空間
The development of network technology is free from the limitation of time and space, making remote work possible.
網絡技術的發展擺脫了時空的限制，使遠程工作成為可能。
Members of the subtitle group are enthusiasts from all over the world, working together with the help of network technology when there is a task. For subtitle group members, a computer and a smooth network is enough.
字幕組的成員是來自世界各地的愛好者，在有任務的時候藉助網絡技術進行協同工作。對於字幕組成員來說，一臺電腦和暢通的網絡就已足夠。
At the same time, the subtitle group also follows the "0 day principle", and everyone's film subtitle group has made timely demands on the working time in order to cope with the competition from other subtitle groups.
與此同時，字幕組還奉行著“0天原則”，人人影視字幕組為了應對來自其他字幕組的競爭，對於工作時間提出了及時性的要求。
Like a crowdsourcing the whole work mode, through the Internet to control, volunteers who have professional skills and knowledge, the use spare time in the prescribed time limit to complete subtitle group tasks.
整個工作模式像是一種眾包，通過互聯網來控制、組織那些擁有專業技能和知識的志願者，利用業餘時間在規定時限中來完成字幕組的任務。
（3）Redefine the value of labor.
重新定義勞動價值
The spirit and purpose of the subtitle group is to free, share, exchange and learn, not to make commercial profits with the things produced.
字幕組的精神和宗旨是免費、共享、交流、學習，不以製作的東西進行商業盈利。
No names, no identity, subtitle group is the very essence of the members of the tag lovers, starting from the translation, subtitle groups provide more possibilities for cross-cultural communication and zero cost sharing model.
不問姓名，不問身份，字幕組的成員最本質的標籤是愛好者，從翻譯開始，字幕組為跨文化傳播和零成本的共享化模式提供了更多的可能。
The value of labor is no longer simply money, but a share of the same people, an international cultural exchange. Although YYeTs has been hit by its copyright problem, as netizens commented, "Without subtitle groups, we will lose an important channel to communicate directly with the world.”
勞動價值不再是簡單的金錢，而是一種同好者的分享，一種國際間文化的交流。雖然人人影視字幕組因為其版權原因受到打擊，但正如網友評論說：“如果沒有字幕組，我們將喪失一個直接與世界溝通的重要渠道。”
4.The capitalist exploitation behind crowdsourcing.
眾包背後的資本主義剝削
With the arrival of information capitalism, more and more online volunteers are the same as subtitle groups. People who are optimistic about their future earnings are more willing to work for their spiritual satisfaction.
隨著信息資本主義的到來，與字幕組相類似的網絡義工越來越多。對於未來收入有著樂觀預期的人們，更加願意為自己的精神滿足而進行勞動。
The existence of many network volunteers also feeds the development of information capital society.
眾多網絡義工的存在同時反哺了信息資本社會的發展。
But as professor Chien-san Feng to this question: The development of information technology provides opportunities for the volunteer knowledge labors, but in this process if the producers will gain experience, or eventually falling into the exploited behind the capital appreciation.
但是正如馮建三教授對此提出的疑問：信息技術的發展，給這種志願的知識勞工提供了生長的機會，但這究竟會讓生產者獲得經驗，還是最終滑向資本增值背後的被剝削。
注：文中未詳細註明來源的圖片來自互聯網可被允許使用的作品
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