一、.except和besides都可解作“除……之外” 但含義不同.
except 表示“從所提到的人或事物中除去,即從整體中除去一部分”,表示遞減的概念,含義是否定的.
besides表示“除了……之外,還有……”,指“在整體中加入一部分”,表示遞加的概念,含義是肯定的.
試比較：
①We all went except him.除他之外,我們都去了.(他沒有去)
②We all went besides him.除他之外,我們大家也都去了.(他也去了)
(1)besides常與other／more／else等詞連用 ,except常與all／every／everyone／none／nobody／everything／nothing等總括詞連用.
eg.He had other people to take care of besides me.
All the students in Class One went to the cinema except Li Ping.
(2)若句中沒有實義動詞do的某種形式,except後接動詞不定式,而besides後接動詞的-ing形式.
eg.I had no choice except to obey／besides obeying his order.
(3)若句中有實義動詞do的某種形式,二者後面都可以接動詞原形.
eg.She has nothing to do except／besides go with him.
(4)二者後面都可以接從句.
eg.①Besides that he explained the theory he gave us some examples.
②He is a good student except that he sometimes comes late to school.
(5)except後面可接for(構成短語except for)或其他介詞短語,而besides不能.
except for主要有三層含義：
①表示對整體主要部分的肯定和對局部的否定,起部分修正主要意思的作用.
eg.Your composition is quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes.
②表示非同類事物進行比較.
eg.The street is empty except for several cars.
③置於句首,表達except的含義.
eg.Except for this,everything is in order.
except for後接名(代)詞,可以轉移為except＋從句或其他介詞短語.
eg.The climate here is good except for some rainy days.(except when it rains；except that it sometimes rains；except on the rainy days)
注意：二者用於否定句時含義相同,意思是一樣的.
eg.He did nothing besides (＝except) this.
除這件事外,他什麼事也沒做.
3.but含義與except相同,都表示遞減的概念,二者在多數情況下可以互換,但用法稍有區別.
①except可以代替but,但but並不一定都可以代替except,如果句中有no、all、nobody、who、where等不定代詞或疑問詞時,多用but；後跟賓語從句時,多用except.
②but for含義有時與except for相同,但主要表示“要不是……”,常用於虛擬句,表示一種假設.
③but位置的變化會引起人稱代詞主、賓格的變化.
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