【往期回顧】
今天我們接著來看第73課的“每課一句”。
一、課文原文
Lesson73 The record-holder
Children who play truant from school are unimaginative. A quiet day's fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again, is usually as far as they get. They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1,600 miles. He hitchhiked to Dover and, towards evening, went into a boat to find somewhere to sleep. When he woke up next morning, he discovered that the boat had, in the meantime, travelled to Calais. No one noticed the boy as he crept off. From there, he hitchhiked to Paris in a lorry. The driver gave him a few biscuits and a cup of coffee and left him just outside the city. The next car the boy stopped did not take him into the centre of Paris as he hoped it would, but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border. There he was picked up by a policeman and sent back to England by the local authorities. He has surely set up a record for the thousands of boys who dream of evading school.
——選自《新概念英語》第二冊，外語教學與研究出版社，1997年10月第1版
二、每課一句
They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1,600 miles.
注意本句話的結構：
1、其主句為They have all been put to shame by a boy。
2、who引導的是定語從句who travelled 1,600 miles，用來修飾a boy。
3、while引導的是時間狀語從句，用作定語從句的時間狀語。出於句子結構簡化的需要，作者對這個時間狀語從句進行了簡化，其完整原形為：while he was playing truant。
這句話是典型的英語複合句，而複合句在英語句子中是極為常見的，在整個第四單元的課文中，幾乎每篇課文都有不少這樣的句子。
比如本課中的另一句話：
The next car the boy stopped did not take him into the centre of Paris as he hoped it would, but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border.
這句話的結構是：
1、其主句為The next car did not take him into the centre of Paris, but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border。這是一句由“not..., but...（不是...，而是...）”引導的並列句。
2、“the boy stopped”是the next car的定語從句，中間省略了關係代詞that或which（因為先行詞the next car是在從句中作賓語的，所以可以省略）。
3、“as he hoped”用作主句的方式狀語，而it would又用作hoped的賓語從句。
在理解這些複合句時，如果不能馬上看懂句子大意，可通過識別其中的從句結構，先暫時忽略這些從句內容，抓住句子主幹，然後再逐句恢復理解忽略的從句。但是，如何才能知道哪些成分是從句，哪些是主句呢？
主要方法有兩個：
1、識別從屬連詞
如果句子中含有從屬連詞，則可以從該連詞開始，往後找到第一個主謂結構，然後繼續往後找第二個主謂結構，那麼這個從句結束的地方就在第二個主謂結構前。比如這句話：
They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1,600 miles.
我們首先看到第一個叢書連詞who，然後開始找第一個主謂結構是who travelled 1,600 miles，再往後就沒有成分了，所以who引導的從句就到句末結束。這樣的話，如果暫時忽略who引導的從句，整個句子就剩下主句：They have all been put to shame by a boy。其中，while引導的成分被前後兩個逗號隔開，說明它是從屬成分，也可以暫時忽略。
2、識別謂語動詞
如果句子中沒有從屬連詞，但句子本身還是含有從句的話，可以通過識別謂語動詞的辦法來找出主句。即先找到第一個謂語動詞，然後往後找第二個謂語動詞，那麼第二個謂語動詞所在的句子往往就是從句，其開始的地方，就是第二個謂語動詞前面的主語成分。
當然，如果該句子含有定語從句，找出該定語從句的方法是不一樣的，其方法是：如果有兩個名詞（或名詞短語，第一個名詞有時會是代詞）相鄰，且中間沒有任何顯性的連接手段，而且第二個名詞後面緊接著的是謂語動詞，則第二個名詞開始往後再找第二個謂語動詞，該定語從句就到第二個謂語動詞前結束。
如：
The next car the boy stopped did not take him into the centre of Paris as he hoped it would, but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border.
這句話開頭部分連續出現了兩個名詞短語，即the next car和the boy，說明the boy所在的句子很可能是個定語從句，所以往後找到第一個謂語動詞stopped，然後繼續往後找到第二個謂語動詞did not take，說明該定語從句就到stopped結束，即the boy stopped是the next car的定語從句，可以暫時忽略。
三、更多拓展
A quiet day's fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again, is usually as far as they get.
注意這句話看似挺長，其實結構並不複雜，因為其主語其實是由or引導的兩個並列短語構成的，整個句子的結構可以簡化為：
A, or B, is usually ....
其中，主語部分的第二個成分eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again中，seeing the same film over and over again是用作eight hours in a cinema的伴隨狀語，用以說明待在電影院裡八小時都做了些什麼事情。
這句話的is後面的表語成分“usually as far as they get”，意思是“他們通常所能做到的”，相當於是“usually what they can think of doing”。
如果覺得好，歡迎繼續關注廖懷寶的頭條號“新概念英語的教與學”！
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