「英語語法」副詞小品詞(adverb particles)詳解

什麼叫小品詞

小品詞就是副、介同形的單詞, 由於在句中的作用不同, 詞性也就不同。 在沒有搞清是介詞,還是副詞的時候, 就稱之為“小品詞”。

舉例來說:看off這個詞,就是典型的小品詞,看下面幾個例子:

He walked off in a huff. 這裡 off 修飾前面的 walk ,並且後面沒有賓語,顯然是副詞;

He shaved off his mustache. 這裡 off 修飾前面的動詞 shave ,表示“刮下來(鬍子)”,此時 off 並非介詞來表達,而起副詞的作用,是副詞小品詞;

The bird hopped off the branch. 這裡 off 表示 hop 這個動作與其賓語 branch 之間的關係,即 “(鳥)在(樹枝上)跳”,所以是起介詞的作用;因為介詞作用之一就是在不及物動詞與賓語之間使動詞能夠“及物”(即帶賓語);

快速區分小品詞在句中是介詞還是副詞的方法

如果小品詞在動詞後,且沒有賓語,則為副詞,如:The car swerved off into a ditch.

如果小品詞在動詞後,且有賓語,如果小品詞挪到賓語後,整個短語意思不變,那麼此時小品詞做副詞,如:She switched off the radio. 與 She switched the radio off. 的意思是一樣的;

如果小品詞在動詞後,且有賓語,如果小品詞不能挪到賓語後,否則語句不通,那麼此時小品詞做介詞,如:Take your feet off the table! 此句中的 off 顯然不能放到 table 之後;

參考附文 1

【理解要領】

※介詞、副詞形一樣, 句中作用不相同, 介詞後面要賓語, 副詞後面賓不用。

※介詞要和動一起, 副詞可與動分開; 及物動詞加副詞; 不及物動詞加介詞, 加了介詞相當於及物動詞。

1. 常用介、副同形的單詞有:

in on up down off

out over along by through

across round across round near

before behind past since under

最難區別的幾個小品詞:

in on up out off

down over through along by

2. 介詞、副詞的區別方法:

【判別方法】

He got off the bus /at the corner.(按照意群來劃分, bus是off的賓語, 所以這裡的off是介詞)

他在拐角處下了公共汽車。

He get off /at the corner.(按照意群來劃分, off後面沒有詞, 所以這裡的off是副詞)

他在拐角處下車。

I found him in. (in後沒有名詞, 它就是副詞。 )

我發現他在裡面。

I found him /in the room. (按照意群來劃分, in是和the room聯繫在一起構成介詞短語的, 所以它是介詞。 )

我發現他在室內。

3. 副詞的不同使用方法

【副詞使用方法】

這種副詞兩邊分, 有的跟動詞聯繫緊; 有的句末單獨行。

可跟動詞一起構成短語動詞的副詞

in on up down off

out over along by through

across round

只能放在句末使用的副詞

before behind past since under

near

更多例句:

They were here/ before six.(介詞)

他們6點之前在這裡。

He has done this sort of work before.(副詞)

他以前幹過這種工作。

Push the car /across the bridge. (介詞)

請把車推過橋。

Put your hands across and tie them together. (副詞)

請把雙手交叉, 並將它們捆起來。

Peter is /behind us.(介詞)

彼得在我們的後面。

He′s a long way behind.(副詞)

他遠遠地落在後面。

The train passed/ through the tunnel. (介詞)

列車穿過了隧道。

Let me pass through, please. (副詞)

請讓我通過。

She climbed/ over the wall.(介詞)

她爬過牆頭。

You′ll have to climb over too.(副詞)

你也得爬過去。

When the meeting was over, the delegates went home.(副詞)

會議結束後代表們各自回家了。 (這裡over=finished結束)

The shop is just/ round the corner.(介詞)

商店拐過街口就是。

Come round(to my house)any evening.(副詞)

The earth moves /around the sun. (介詞)

地球繞著太陽轉。

The good news soon got around. (副詞)

He is sitting /on a chair. (介詞)

Go on! Come on! (副詞)

Turn the lights on. (副詞)

晚上有空來我家串門。

He ran /up the stairs.(介詞)

他跑上樓梯。

He went up/ in the lift.(副詞)

他乘電梯上去了。

這些詞中許多可以用來構成短語動詞

The plane took off.

飛機起飛了。 (離開了地面)

She put the scarf/ round her neck. (介詞)

He came round.(副詞)

他恢復知覺了。 (恢復了意識)

4. 固定短語的分類

固定短語可以分為以下幾類:

1)動詞類: 動詞加其它詞構成的短語就叫做動詞固定短語

1. 1)不及物動詞+副詞=不及物動詞

不及物動詞+副詞 詞義 例句

break out happen爆發 The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937. 抗日戰爭爆發於1937年。

come over/drop in visit 來訪 Come over anytime; we’re always in. 什麼時候來訪都行, 我們總在家裡。

hurry up go quickly趕緊 We must hurry up, or we’ll be late. 我們的趕快走, 不然就要遲到了。

go far spread far走得遠, 持續久 The news went far. 這消息傳得很遠。

This small tin of paint does not go far. 這一小罐油漆用不了多久。

pull in stop aside停靠 The train pulled in two hours late. 火車晚兩小時到站。

stop over stay for short中途停留 Because the car broke down, we had to stop over for the night in the nearest town. 由於汽車拔錨, 我們只得在最近得小城鎮裡留宿。

take off fly up起飛 The pilot took off smoothly. 飛行員平穩地駕機起飛了。

get up arise 起立, 起床 He gets up at 6:00 in the morning every day. 他每天早上6:00起床。

1. 2)不及物動詞+介詞=及物動詞

詞例 詞義 例句 註解

listen to 聽 He is listening to a radio now. 他在聽收音機。 listen不能直接接聽的對象, 加to就可以了

look for 尋找 She is looking for her pencil now. 她在尋找她的鉛筆。 look是看的意思, 加了for就是新的詞義“尋找”

look after 照看 My mother looks after my baby. 我母親照看孩子 look 後面的介詞不同, 詞義就不同, 但與look有關,

hear from 收到來信(等) Mother hasn’t hear from you for quite some time. 母親好久沒有接到你的來信了。 hear from 成了固定的詞義, 表示受到來信, 信函等

hear of 聽到, 得知 I’ve never heard of the place. 我從未聽說過那個地方。 hear of是聽別人談到過的意思

read of 讀到 I have read of Lu Xun. 我讀過關於魯迅的書籍。 read of不是直接讀魯迅, 而是讀到過關於魯迅的資料或書籍

laugh at 嘲笑 They laughed at the young man. 他們嘲笑過那位年輕人。 laugh at 可以帶賓語, 而且表示嘲笑, 嘲弄的意思

run after 追趕, 追求 Some boy spend a lot of time and money running after girls. 一些男孩子花去很多的時間和金錢去追求女孩子。 run後加after, 主要是追趕某人或某種時尚:run當及物動詞用, 通常是管理或經營的含義

stand for 代表, 象徵 What does “PTO” stand for? “PTO”代表什麼? stand for 一起使用, 就相當於一個新詞, 表示:代表, 象徵的含義

1. 3)不及物動詞+副詞+介詞(三個詞在一起構成當作一個詞來使用)

動+副+介 相當於 例句

cut down on reduce削減 We must all cut down on spending. 我們必須削減消費。

do away with abolish取消 They have done away with the old laws. 他們已經取消了這些就法律。

get out of leave離開 He got out of the car and shook hands with me. 他下車和我握手了。

get through with finish完成 She finally got through with the subject. 她終於完成了這個題目。

go along with agree同意 I can’t go along with you in this matter. 在這件事上我不能同意你。

look forward to expect期待 He is looking forward to seeing his new friend. 他期盼著見到他的新朋友。

put up with tolerate容忍 He puts up with almost anything. 他幾乎容忍一切。

walk out on abandon放棄 He walked out on the subject. 他放棄了這個計劃。

1. 4)及物動詞+副詞

及物動詞+副詞 相當於 例句

bring up

educate 教育, 培養 They have brought their children up well. 他們把孩子教育得很好。

call up summon徵召, 打電話 He was called up in 1971. 他在1971年被徵召入伍。

Call me up tomorrow morning. 明早給我打電話。

find out discover發現, 理解 Think over. You must find it out for yourself. 想想吧, 你必須自己理解它。

put off postpone延期 The meeting has been put off. 會議延期了。

make out understand理解 It’s not easy to make out his ideas. 弄懂他的種種想法不是容易的。

take in deceive欺騙 You can’t take me in like that. 你不能那樣欺騙我。

turn up appear出現 She really turned on the charm on the stage. 她在臺上表現得真迷人。

back up support支持 They supported the school a lot. 他們給學校支持很大。

give up quit放棄 He has given up smoking. 他已戒菸。

make down change sth. smaller The clothes are made down for her sisters.

賓語在句中的位置

1. 5)及物動詞+名詞+介詞(帶介詞賓語)

詞例 詞義 例句

catch(lay, get, take, seize) hold of 抓住, 佔有 The boy took hold of the ladder and began to climb.

那孩子抓住梯子開始往上爬。

I’ll explain, and you will soon get hold of the idea.

我要解釋一下, 你很快就會懂得這個意思的。

do a favor to/do sb. a favor 給別人幫忙, 給別人恩惠 Will you do me a favor to lend that book to me?

你能不能幫個忙把那本書借給我?

Can you do a favor to me? 勞駕, 可以幫我一下嗎?

have confidence in 信人 I have perfect confidence in them. 我完全信任他們。

have an edge on 佔優勢, 勝過 I can’t beat you at tennis, but I have an edge on you in ping-pong. 打網球我無法贏你, 但是打乒乓球我比你強。

lay emphasis on 強調, 著重 Some schools lay special emphasis on language study.

有些學校特別重視語言的學習。

make a fool of 愚弄, 欺騙 Enough! , Don’t make a fool of me! 夠了! 不要捉弄我了。

make use of 利用, 使用 You must make good use of any opportunities you have of practicing English. 你必須利用好你所有的練習英語的機會。

pay attention to 注意 Pay attention to it. 請注意

take part in 參加, 參與 I have a meeting to take part in this afternoon. 今天下午我要參加一個會議。 會議

take account of 考慮, 重視 Have you taken account of possible shift in demand? 需求有可能變化, 你考慮到了嗎?

5. 學習和考試注意事項

【重點學習內容】

主要學會:

1. 不及物動詞後加適當介詞可以構成相當於及物動詞的動詞短語:

Wait for sb. 就是典型的例子:

常有人說 I will wait you here. 還不知道錯了。 應該說成 I will wait for you here. 因為wait 是不及物動詞, 不能帶賓語。

類似的還有:

look at look for look after , listen to 等等, 並且注意類似於: read of 和hear of 這樣的短語的區別。

2. 介詞後面的名詞, 或者相當於名詞的詞就是介詞賓語, 既然是賓語就要用賓格, 特別要注意的代詞賓格。

He is looking at me.

She is looking after her sister.

We waited for him for a long time.

I heard of him before.

3. 同一動詞後加不同介詞/副詞就會有不同的含義, 要當作一個新詞來記:

look at look about look ahead look around

look as if look away look back look down upon

look for look forward to look in look down

look into look like look on /look upon look up to

look on with look out look out ofr look over

look round look through look to look to be

4. 及物動詞帶有副詞後接賓語與不及物動詞後接介詞再加賓語是不同的。

1) 不及物動詞後接賓語時, 動詞和介詞是不可分開的, 兩者成為一個整體。

2) 及物動詞後接副詞, 該副詞可以和動詞分開, 特別是賓語為代詞賓格的時候, 這個代詞就要放在動詞和副詞之間。

He is always looking for his shoes. (不能分開)

He always forgets to turn the lights off. He always forgets to turn off the lights.

He always forgets to turn them off. (這個句子中的them指的是等, 不能放在off的後面, 因為它是代詞賓格)

【考試項目】

1) 考詞義

這是最難的, 任何人只要是學英語的, 都認為這是最難的, 即使是把英語用作母語的人們也認為這是最難的。 解決的方法就是:多讀, 多背, 多分析, 多理解。

例如:

Take after 像, 模仿 Take away拿走, 減去 Take back回收, 取消 Take down取下, 記錄

Take from減少, 縮小 Take in吸收, 欺騙 Take off起飛, 免除 Take out取出, 摘錄

Take over接收, 接任 Take to喜愛, 從事 Take up開始, 佔用 Take…for. .把…當著…

2) 考結構

主要是會判斷小品詞是介詞還是副詞, 代詞賓格是否可以放在動詞和小品詞之間。 任何考試都會有這一項, 即使博士生考試, 也會考到這一項。 這是一項既考語法也考習慣用法的題目。 實際上還是檢查單詞量, 如果我們把它當著一個單詞記住了, 什麼考試都不怕。

參考附文 2

What are Adverb Particles?

Words like in, out, up, down etc., are not always prepositions. Read the sentences given below.

He was driving down the street.

Please sit down.

He climbed up the stairs.

She is not up yet.

He is in the room.

You can come in.

In the expressions ‘down the street’, ‘up the stairs’ and ‘in the room’, the words down, up and in are prepositions. Note that prepositions are always followed by nouns which act as their objects. For example, in the sequence ‘down the street’, the noun street is the object of the preposition down.

In the expressions ‘sit down’, ‘she is not up’ and ‘come in’, the words down, up and in have no objects. They are adverbs and not prepositions.

Small adverbs like these are often called adverb particles or adverbial particles. Examples are: above, about, in, out, up, down, before, across, off, on, below, behind etc.

Note that many words of this kind can be used as both adverb particles and prepositions.

Phrasal verbs

Adverb particles are sometimes used together with verbs to form two-word verbs. These are often called phrasal verbs. Examples are: break down, put off, work out, give up etc.

Could you please switch on the lights?

Note that the meaning of a phrasal verb is not always guessable from the meanings of the individual words in it.


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