第一部分、時態總結
一、一般過去時；
一、定義。 1. 表示過去的動作或狀態，常和明確的過去時間狀語連用，如：yesterday, last week, three days ago, in 1998,just now等，或與由when引導的從句連用。 2. 也可以表示過去某一段時間內經常或反覆出現的動作。句子中常帶有every day, often, usually, always, sometimes等時間狀語。 例：When I worked in the company, I got up early every morning. 在那家公司上班時，我每天早晨都起得很早。 In the past few years she usually went touring during her summer holidays. 在過去的幾年裡，每逢暑假她總是出去旅遊。
二、一般過去時態句子結構 1． Be 動詞的一般過去時態 在沒有實義動詞的句子中使用be動詞， am is 的過去式為was; are的過去式為were. 如：I was late yesterday. We weren't late yesterday. She wasn't a teacher three years ago. Were you ill yesterday? Were they once your classmates？ ---Yes, I was. ---No, I wasn't. Who were your best friends in your primary school?
2. 實義動詞的一般過去時態 肯定句要使用動詞的過去式，否定句和疑問句要使用助動詞do和 does 的過去式 did. 如：I went home at nine o'clock yesterday. I didn't go home yesterday. He didn't tell me about you. Did you go home yesterday? ---Yes, I did. ---No, I didn't. When did you finish your homework last night/the day before yesterday?
3. 助動詞和情態動詞過去式如下： shall―should（將要）用於第一人稱單數 will―would（將要）用於所有人稱 can― could（能，會） may―might（可以） must―must （必須） have to―had to（不得不） 助動詞和情態動詞的過去時態要使用他們的過去式，後面的動詞還使用原形。 如： I had to do my homework yesterday. (昨天我不得不做作業。)
三、一般過去時態動詞變化形式 一般過去時態由動詞的過去式表示。大多數動詞的過去式是在動詞原形後加上ed構成。這類動詞稱為規則動詞。 1） 一般情況下在詞尾直接加ed。 如：play―played work―worked 2） 以e結尾的動詞只加d. 如：like--- liked love―loved 3） 以輔音字母+Y結尾的動詞，變Y為I，再加ed. 如：study―studied carry―carried 4） 以重讀閉音節結尾的動詞，如果末尾只有一個輔音字母，要雙寫最後這個輔音字母，再加ed. 如：stop―stopped 5） 不以ed 結尾的過去式，稱為不規則動詞,如： write（寫） --wrote go-went do-did have-had see-saw take-took make-made come-came buy-bought
技巧：巧記一般過去時： 【一巧】時間狀語（即標誌詞）巧。一般過去時表示過去發生的動作或存在的狀態，恰巧與表示過去的一些時間狀語連用。 【二巧】形式巧。它與一般現在時一樣，形式多樣：當主語是第一人稱單數或第三人稱單數時，謂語動詞用was；主語是第二人稱或其他人稱複數時，謂語動詞用were。 例如： I was in the classroom yesterday morning． 昨天早上我在教室裡。 He was at school last Tuesday． 上週二他在學校。 They were over there a moment ago． 剛才他們在那邊。
【三巧】否定句結構巧。與動詞be的一般現在時一樣，它在動詞後面加not即可變成否定句，並且was, were與not可以縮寫成wasn't, weren't。即： 主語 ＋ wasn't／ weren't ＋ 表語 ＋ 其他。例如： I was not (＝wasn't) here yesterday． 昨天我不在這兒。 My parents were not (＝weren't) at home last Sunday． 上週日我父母不在家。
【四巧】 疑問句式巧。把was, were提到句首，句末用問號即可變為一般疑問句。即： Was(Were) ＋ 主語 ＋表語 ＋ 其他？這恰巧與動詞be的一般現在時的疑問句式相似。 例如：Were you at home the day before yesterday﹖ 前天你在家嗎？ Was she late this morning﹖今天早上她遲到了嗎？ 更巧的是疑問句的答語也相似，肯定回答用“Yes, 主語＋was／were．”； 否定回答用“No,主語＋wasn't／weren't．”。 例如：—Were Wei Hua and Han Mei here just now﹖ 剛才魏華和韓梅在這兒嗎？ —Yes, they were． (No, they weren't．) 是的，她們在。（不，她們不在。）
練習 一、用be動詞的適當形式填空
1．I ______ an English teacher now.
2．She _______ happy yesterday.
3They _______ glad to see each other last month.
4．Helen and Nancy ________ good friends.
5．The little dog _______ two years old this year.
6．Look, there ________ lots of grapes here.
7．Today _______ the second of June. Yesterday ______ the first of June. It _____ Children's Day.
二、用動詞的適當形式填空
1. I ______ (watch) a cartoon on Saturday.
2. Her father _______ (read) a newspaper last night.
3. We _________ to zoo yesterday, we _____ to the park. (go)
4. ______ you _______ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival?
5. ______ he _______ (fly) a kite on Sunday? Yes, he ______.
6.Jim _______ (pull) up carrots last National Day holiday.
7. I ____________ (sweep) the floor yesterday.
8. What ______ she _______ (find) in the garden last morning? She __________ (find) a beautiful butterfly. 1. He _________ (live) in Wuxi two years ago.
2. The cat ________ (eat) a bird last night.
3. We _______ (have) a party last Halloween.
4. Nancy ________ (pick) up oranges on the farm last week.
5. I ________ (make) a model ship with Mike yesterday.
6. They ________ (play) chess in the classroom last PE lesson.
7. My mother _______ (cook) a nice food last Spring Festival.
8. The girls ________ (sing) and _______ (dance) at the party.
9. It ______ (be) Ben's birthday last Friday.
10. We all ______ (have) a good time last night.
11. He ________ (jump) high on last Sports Day.
二、現在完成時
一．句型： Eg: I have finished my homework. He hasn’t watered the flowers.
Have they watched the film? -----Yes, they have. ----No, they haven’t.
二．用法
1、現在完成時表示過去發生或已經完成的動作對現在造成的影響或結果 Eg. I have spent all of my money (so far).(含義是:現在我沒有錢花了.) Jim has (just/already) come. (含義：吉姆現在在這兒) My father has gone to work.(含義是:我爸爸現在不在這兒)
2、現在完成時可以用來表示發生在過去某一時刻的,持續到現在的動作（用行為動詞表示）或狀態（be動詞表示）常與for（+時間段）,since（+時間點或過去時的句子）連用. ①for+時段 ②since+過去一個時間點（譯為：自從„„以來） ③since+時段+ago ④since+從句（過去時） ⑤It is+時段+since+從句（過去時）
E.g. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998.
三、現在完成時的標誌
現在完成時的含義之一是過去完成的動作對現在仍有影響,用以下四大標誌詞可以表達這種含義: * 以already, just和yet為標誌 He has already got her help. 他已得到她的幫助。 He has just seen the film. 他剛剛看過這場電影。 He hasn't come back yet. 他還沒有回來。 * 以ever和never為標誌 This is the best film I have ever seen. 這是我曾經看過的最好的一部電影。 He has never been to Beijing. 他從沒有到過北京。 * 以動作發生的次數為標誌 He says he has been to the USA three times. 他說他已經去過美國三次了。 * 以so far（到目前為止）為標+before He has got to Beijing so far. 到目前為止他已到了北京。
注意： 1)現在完成時不能單獨與過去的時間狀語連用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能與when連用 3)現在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用.
四、過去分詞變法小結 1 、規則動詞：規則動詞的過去分詞的構成規則與規則動詞的過去式的構成規 則相同。 (1)、一般動詞，在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。 e.g. work---worked---worked (2)、以“ e ”結尾的動詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。 e.g. live---lived---lived , (3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結尾的動詞，將 "y" 變為 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried (4)、重讀閉音節結尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母，先雙寫該輔音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不規則動詞： AAA型 E.g. let let let cut cut cut AAB型 E.g. beat beat beaten ABA型 E.g. become became become run ran run
5 ABB型 E.g. bring brought brought feel felt felt ABC型 E.g. begin began begun drive drove driven
五、易混知識辨析
1、has gone (to),has been (to)的區別 Have/Has gone(to) :去了(現在不在說話現場) Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去過（已不在去過的地方） My father has been to Shanghai.
2、since和for的區別 since後接時間點，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there for後接一段時間，表示“長達多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。
Exercise: 1、 用since和for填空
1. Jim has been in Ireland ______ Monday.
2. Jill has been in Ireland ______ three days.
3. His aunt has lived in Australia ______15 days.
4. Mary is in her office. She has been there ______ 7 o'clock.
5. India has been an independent country ______1974.
6. The bus is late. They've been waiting ______ 20 minutes.
7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ______ many years. 8. Mike has been ill ______a long time. He has been in hospital ______ October.
Keys：1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since 6. for 7. for 8. since
2、單項選擇
1. -Where have you _____, Kate? -I've ______ to the bank. A. gone, gone B. been, been C. gone, been D. been, gone
2、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years . Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
3、—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ . Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better
4、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years . Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying
5、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
6、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
6 —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago . Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish
7、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 . Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in
8、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library . Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been
3、填空。 1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week. 2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.
3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
4. Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999.
6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.
7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks.
8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework.
9.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet?
10. I've lost my pen. _________ you ________ (see) it anywhere?
三、一般將來時
一、用法. “will / shall + 動詞原形”構成的一般將來時，其被動形式為“will / shall + be + 過去分詞”
。 (1) 表示單純的將來。如： Her elder sister will be thirty years old next month. 下個月她姐姐就30歲了。
(2) 表示在說話時決定要去做某事。如： We are really lost. I’ll stop to ask someone the way. 我們真的迷路了。我要停下來問問路。
(3) 用於“祈使句
+連詞+簡單句”固定句式中。如： Go straight on and you’ll see a church. You won’t miss it. 直走你就會看到一座教堂，你不會錯過的。
二．一般將來時的句型(have/has done)
1.肯定句： The workers will build a new school here next year. 2.否定句： He won’t play football with you before he finishes his work. 3.疑問句： Will you be back in ten minutes?
4.特殊疑問句： Where will you go next week?
三、注意事項 1. 用“be going to＋動詞原形”構成的一般將來時。 (1) 人作主語時表示打算，
“有計劃要做”。如： My daughter is going to be a doctor when she grows up. 我女兒打算長大後當醫生。 (2) 物作主語時表示目前有跡象表明將要發生某事，“有……
的趨勢（如天氣變化）
”。如： Look at the black clouds. It’s going to rain. 看那些烏雲，要下雨了。 (3). 在含有條件狀語從句的主從複合句中，主句一般不用be going to
，而常用will（第一人稱用shall
）。從句用一般現在時表示一般將來時：如： The football match will be put off if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，足球賽將被推遲舉行。 (4). 在時間、條件或讓步狀語從句中常用一般現在時表示將來。如： They will go home for the winter vacation as soon as they finish their exams. 他們一考完試就回家過寒假。
Exercise
( )1. He _______ able to come on Friday because he fails in his exam. A. will be not B. will not be C. is going to be D. isn’t going be
( )2. – When ________ again? --When he ____________, I’ll let you know. A. he comes ;comes B. will he come;will come C. he comes ;will he come D. will he come;comes
( )3. Do you think Tom ______________ his uncle if he arrives? A. called B. calls C. will call D. is calling
( )4. Don’t get off the bus until it_______. A. will stop B. stops C. shall stop D. is stopped
( )5. We ________ begin our lessons if you _________ ready. A. will ; will be B. shall ; Will get C. will ; get D. /; are
( )6. I’ll tell her about it as soon as she ___________ back. A. shall come B. will come C. comes D. is going to come
( )7.--- It’s Saturday tomorrow. I’m glad we ______ any classes. ---So am I. I’ll go fishing. Would you like to go with me? A. haven’t had B. won’t have C. don’t have D. wouldn’t have
8
( ) 8. She ________ him a lovely dog on his next birthday. A. gives B. gave C. will giving D. is going to give ( ) 9. If it ________ tomorrow, we’ll have a picnic. A. isn’t rain B. won’t rain C. doesn’t rain D. doesn’t fine ( ) 10. We ________ the homework this way next time. A. do B. will do C. going to do D. will doing
( ) 11. The day after tomorrow he________ a volleyball match. A. will watching B. watches C. is watching D. is going to watch
( ) 12. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon. A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be
( ) 13.________ a concert next Saturday? A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are ( ) 14 If they come, we ________ a meeting. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have to be
( ) 15. They ________ an English evening next Sunday. A.are having B. are going to have C. will having D. is going to have
( ) 16. Charlie ________ here next month. A. isn’t working B. doesn’t working C. isn’t going to working D. won’t work ( ) 17. He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next week. A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be
( ) 18. There ________ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening. A. was B. is going to have C. will have D. is going to be
四、將來進行時 一、將來進行時的構成 將來進行時是由"shall/will + be + 現在分詞"構成的。 E.g. Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. We'll be having classes then. 二、將來進行時的用法 ①將來進行時的基本用法 : 表示在將來某一時間正在進行的動作。常與soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, in two days, tomorrow evening等表示將來的時間狀語連用 例如：I'll be taking my holiday soon. 我不久就去度假了。 ②將來進行時的特殊用法 A. 表示原因、結果或猜測。 例如：Please come tomorrow afternoon, Tomorrow morning I'll be having a
9 meeting. 請你明天下午來吧。我明天上午有個會。 (表原因) Stop the child or he will be falling over. 抓住那個孩子，要不他會掉下去的。 (表結果) You will be making a mistake. 你會出錯的。(表推測) B. 用在問句中，表示委婉禮貌。 When shall we be meeting again? 我們什麼時候再見面？ C. 表示稍後一點兒的安排。 The students are studying Unit 3 this week, and next week they'll be studying Unit 4. 這周學生們學第三單元，下週他們將學第四單元。
【注意】 在時間、條件等狀語從句中，用現在進行時代替將來進行時。如： Be careful when you are crossing the street. 過馬路時要當心。
Exercise 將來進行時練習
1. What____ you_____this time tomorrow? A will…do B will…have done C will…be done D will…be doing
2. The street lights____on when night falls. A will have gone B will have been going C will be going D will be gone
3. Joe____the piano in a few minutes. A shall be played B will have been playing C shall be playing D will have played
4. I ____ my grandmother at three this afternoon. A shall be visiting B shall have visited C shall be visiting D will visit
5. ―Can you attend the party tonight?‖ “No,_____ the boss about something urgent.‖ A I see BI shall have seen C I’ll be seeing D I can see
【將來進行時與一般將來時的比較】 兩者都表示將來的行為，但在用法上有所區別： (1) 將來進行時表示將來某一時刻或某一段時間裡正在進行的動作；而一般將來時表示將來某時將要發生的動作。如： She won’t be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow. 明天8點她不在辦公室開會。
What will you do at five tomorrow afternoon? 明天下午五點你將幹什麼？ (2) 將來進行時常用來表示說話人設想已經安排好的事；而一般將來時表示臨時決定。如： We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我們要去海邊度假。 －Did you tell Julia about the result? 你告訴朱莉婭結7果了嗎？ －Oh, no. I will call her now. 噢，沒有。我現在就告訴她。 (3) 將來進行時不表示個人意願。如： They will be meeting us at the station. 他們會在車站接我們的。 (4) 將來進行時比一般將來時在語氣上要委婉客氣。如： When will you finish these letters? 你什麼時候會處理完這些信件？ When shall I be expecting you this evening? 今天晚上我幾點等你？
五、過去完成時 一、過去完成時的概念與結構特點 概念：過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經發生或完成了的動作，即“過去的過去（ past-in-the-past ）”。 ----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|----------------------------> 那時以前 那時 現在 構成：過去完成時由“助動詞 had + 過去分詞”構成，其中 had 通用於各種人稱。 E.g. They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
二、過去完成時的判斷依據 1. 由時間狀語來判定 一般說來，各種時態都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有： （ 1 ） by + 過去的時間點。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 過去的時間點。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 過去的時間點。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“過去的過去”來判定。 過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動作之前已經發生或完成的動作，即動作有先後關係，動作在前的用過去完成時，在後的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現在： （ 1 ）賓語從句中 當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先於主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞後的賓語從
11 句。如： She said that she had seen the film before.
（ 2 ）狀語從句中
在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發生有先後關
系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在後的要用一般過去時。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引導的時間狀語從句中，由於 before 和 after 本身已表達了動作的先後關係，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3）表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根據上、下文來判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
三、過去完成時的主要用法 1. 過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態在過去某一時間或動作之前已經完成或結束，即發生在“過去的過去”。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒來時，雨已經停了。（主句的動作發生在“過去的過去”） 2. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態，表示的是“過去的過去”，只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發生在 told 之前 ) 3. 過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用，它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多與 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導的短語或從句連用。如： Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle scho ol for about five years. Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態在過去某時之前已經開始，一直延續到 這一過去時間，而且動作尚未結束，仍然有繼續下去的可能。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty year s. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續進行下去的可能）
四、易混時態辨析 1、過去完成時與現在完成時的區別 現在完成時表示的動作發生在過去，但側重對現在產生的結果或造成的影響，與現在有關，其結構為“助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”；過去完成時則是一個相對的時態，它所表示的動作不僅發生在過去，更強調“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時，才用到它。試比較： I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前為止我已經學會了 1000 個英語單詞。
12 I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那時為止我已經學會了 1000 個英語單詞。 — I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起，讓你久等了。 — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 沒什麼，我只等了幾分鐘。（“等”的動作從過去某一時間點持續到現在） — John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。 — Where had he been? 他去哪兒了？（答語中使用過去完成時是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“過去的過去”） 2、過去完成時與一般過去時的區別 雖然這兩種時態都表示過去發生的動作或存在的狀態，但在使用時應注意以下幾點： 1）. 時間狀語不同：過去完成時在時間上強調“過去的過去”；而一般過去時只強調過 去某一特定的時間。試比較： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2）. 在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標誌時，謂語動詞動作發生的時間先後 須依據上下文來判斷：先發生的用過去完成時，後發生的則用一般過去時。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3）. 當兩個或兩個以上接連發生的動作用 and 或 but 連接時，按時間順 序，只需用一般過去時來代替過去完成時；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導的從句中，由於這些連詞本身已經表示出時間的先後，因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時。如： He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office.
例題解析： 1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijing. A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone
解析："他去北京之前在上大學學習了4年 "。在上海學習的動作發生在去北 京之前，因此第一個空應用過去完成時。此題選B。
2. Mary said it was at least five years since he ______ a good drink. A. enjoyed B. was enjoying C. had enjoyed D. would enjoy 解析：It was + 時間段+since 引導的從句中用過去完成時。應選C。
3. Xiao Pei said she ______ Hainan for 3 months. A. has been in B. had been in C. had been to D. had gone to 解析："小培說她去了海南三個月 "。have been to 和have gone to 都是短 暫性的動詞短語。所以適應表示狀態的have been in. 應選B.
閱讀更多 山西英語程老師 的文章
