倒裝句
英語句子的語序一般是固定的：主語在前，謂語在後，這叫陳述語序。謂語的全部或一部分(助動詞或情態動詞)放在主語之前的現象稱為倒裝。倒裝有兩種情況：語法倒裝和修辭倒裝。因為語法結構而必須倒裝的，叫語法倒裝；為達到某種修辭目的而倒裝的，叫修辭倒裝。我們學習倒裝的主要目的是增加對英語句式多樣性的認識，以便在寫作和口語中使用，這也是我們學習英語語法的主要目的。
(一)語法倒裝
1、一般疑問句和特殊疑問句要倒裝
例如：
Shall I open the door? 要我開門嗎?
Are you cold? 你冷嗎?
Can you read this poem in German? 你能用德語朗誦這首詩嗎?
Which of the pictures do you like best? 你最喜歡哪張畫?
How are you getting along? 你目前怎麼樣?
When will there be lasting peace in the world?
什麼時候世界上才能有持久的和平?
2、There be 句型當中。There be 句型表達的意思是：“某處有….”。這個句型的主語在謂語動詞後面，因此這是倒裝語序。
例如：
There are not many people who want to read this book.
想看這本書的人不多。
There once lived a pack of wolves in this cave.在這個洞裡曾經住過一群狼。
There happened to be a taxi parked at the gate.碰巧門口停著一輛出租車。
There is going to be a change in our arrangement.我們的安排將有一個變化。
3、當連詞as 表示“雖然、儘管”引導讓步狀語從句時，句子要倒裝，as 相當於though，可以替換。
例如：
Small as/though the atom is, we can smash it.
儘管原子很小，我們可以擊碎它。
Tired as/though he was, he went on working.
(=Although he was very tired, he went on working.)
雖然他很累，他還是接著工作。
Cold as/though it was, we went out. 雖然天氣冷，我們還是出去了。
Child as/though she is, she knows a great deal.她雖然是個孩子，但她懂得很多。
Teacher as he is, he knows little about teaching.儘管他是個老師，但不懂什麼教學。
Pilots as he claims he is, no one has ever seen him fly a plane.儘管他聲稱是個飛行員，但誰也沒見過他非飛機。
注意後四句是可數名詞單數作表語並提前，習慣上不用冠詞。
4、虛擬語氣條件從句中的if 被省略時，要把從句中的were, had 或should 移到主語之前。(if 的省略、倒裝只限於從句中有were, had 或should這三個詞時。)
例如：
If I had been in your place, I wouldn’t have given it up so early.
=Had I been in your place, I wouldn’t have given it up so early.
如果我在你的位置，我不會這樣早放棄。
If he were to succeed, the sun would rise from the west.
=Were he to succeed, the sun….如果他能成功，太陽就會從西邊出來。
If you should be asked about this, say that you know nothing.
=Should you be asked about this, say……
如果有人問起你這件事，你就說你什麼也不知道。
Were there no air or water, there would be no life on the earth.如果沒有空氣和水，地球上就不會有生命。
Had you been more careful, you might have avoided the mistake.
如果你再細心點，本來事可以避免這個錯誤的。
5、以so開頭的，表示“也一樣”，“也這樣”的句子要倒裝。So 用於肯定句，代替上文中的形容詞、名詞或動詞，通常指前面所說的肯定情況也適用於其他人或物。結構是“so + be (do, have 其他助動詞或情態動詞)+主語”。
例如：
Production is going up, so is the people’s standard of living.
生產不斷髮展，人們的生活水平也一樣。
Society has changed and so have the people in it. 社會變了，
社會上的人也變了。
Coal is under the ground, and so is oil. 煤在地底下，石油也是。
He saw it, and so did I. 他看見了，我也看見了。
They can swim now, and so can we. 他們現在能游泳，我們也能。
We must start for the work-site now. So must you.
我們該動身去工地了，你們也該去了。
注意：如果只是對前句的內容表示同意，則不要倒裝。
如：
It was hot yesterday. ?So it was! 昨天很熱。是的。
He works very hard. ?So he does. 他工作很努力。是的。
Tomorrow will be Monday. ?So it will. 明天星期一。對。
翻譯下列句子：
1)我會說英語。我弟弟也會。
→I can speak English. So can my brother.
2)他們上星期日到頤和園去了。我們也去了。
→They went to the Summer Palace last Sunday. So did we.
3)他去過長城。我也去過。
→He has been to the Great Wall. So have I.
4)她喜歡教英語。我姐姐也喜歡。
→She enjoys teaching English. So does my sister.
5)你說他很努力，對，他確實很努力，你也一樣。
→You say he works hard. So he does, and so do you.
注意：在so…..that…..結構中，如果so 在句首，通常也用倒裝結構。
例如：
So easy is it that a boy can learn it.
那很容易，小孩子都能學。(原句是：It is so easy that a boy can learn it.)
So rapidly did he speak that we could hardly understand him clearly. 他說得很快，我們簡直聽不清楚。(原句是：He spoke so rapidly that we could hardly understand him clearly.)
6、以neither與nor開頭的句子，表示“…也不”時，句子倒裝。Neither 與nor 意思相同，可以互換。Neither, nor 用於否定句，通常指前面所說的否定情況也適用於其他人或物。結構是：Neither (nor) + be (do, have, 其他助動詞或情態動詞) +主語。
例如：
I won’t do such a thing. Nor/Neither will anyone else.我不會做這樣的事，別人也不會。
The first one wasn’t good and neither was the second.第一個不好，第二個也不好。
I won’t go there. Neither will she.我將不去那裡。她也不去。
翻譯練習：
1)我不知道他住哪兒。她也不知道。
I don’t know where he lives. Neither does she.
2)我不知道這兩個句子的區別。?他們也不知道。
I don’t know the difference between these two sentences. Nor do they.
3)我昨天晚上沒有寫作文。魏芳也沒寫。
I didn’t write my composition yesterday evening. Neither did Wei Fang.
4)學生們不在教室裡。老師也不在。
The students were not in the classroom. Nor was the teacher.
7、以here, there, now, then 等副詞開頭的句子中。習慣上用一般現在時(除以then開頭的句子用過去時)。
例如：
There comes the bus! 汽車來了。
There goes the bell. 鈴響了。
Now comes your turn. 該輪到你了。
Then came a new difficulty. 接著來了個新難題。
Then followed three days of heavy rain. 後來連著下了三天大雨。
Up went the plane. 飛起來了飛機。
Our rushed a cat from under the bed. 從床底下竄出一隻貓。
Here is a letter for you. 這兒有你一封信。
注意：在這種句型中，如果主語是代詞時就不倒裝。
例如：
Here you are. 給你。
There he comes. 他來了。
Here it is. 這就是。
8、在表示祝願的句子中。
如：
May you have a pleasant trip. 祝你旅途愉快。
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