小伙伴们对“杠精”一定再熟悉不过了，长这么大谁还没跟杠精吵过架？杠精不止让人头疼，还分好几种呢。有一种不是很明显的杠精却着实让人头疼，这就是西方心理学上所说的“消极性攻击”（
passive-aggressive），指的是用不直接的方式表达反抗（defiance）与敌意（hostility）。These behaviors can include deliberately "forgetting" or procrastinat-
ing, complaining about a lack of appreciation , and a sullen demeanor.
这一类行为包括：故意“忘记”某些事情、拖延、抱怨别人不够感激、或是摆出一份闷闷不乐的样子。
目前，对于消极性攻击人格障碍的成因有5种说法，虽然很多都只是推测性的（speculative），但是也可以有助于我们来了解“杠精”是怎么炼成的：
#1 Psychoanalytic.
从精神分析的角度来说
For example, one psychoanalytic view suggests that when individuals exhibit passive-aggressive behavior, they are attempting to reconcile their need to be seen as agreeable by others with their desire to express a negative attitude.
比如，一种精神分析学派的观点说：一个人表现出消极攻击性行为，事实上是在试图平衡自己的两种需求；一种是希望被别人赞同的需求，另一种是表达反对态度的需求。
#2 Behavioral.
从行为学的角度来说
The behavioral approach suggests that passive-aggressive behavior occurs when someone has not learned how to assert themselves, feels anxiety about asserting themselves, or fears a negative response to their assertive behavior.
行为学派的看法认为：一个人出现消极攻击性行为，是因为他们还没有学会怎么表达自己的立场，他们对表达立场这件事感到焦虑，或者是害怕自己表达立场后会收获负面的反应。
#3 Interpersonal.
从人际关系来讲
One interpersonal approach suggests that passive-aggressive people may be both quarrelsome and submissive in their relationships with other people.
一种人际关系角度的学说认为：一个消极攻击性的人在与另一个人的关系中可能既表现出易争吵的一面，又表现出服从的一面。
#4 Social.
从社会的角度来讲
One social approach suggests that contradictory messages from family members during someone’s upbringing can cause that person to be more “on guard” later in life.
社会学派的一种看法认为：如果一个人长大的过程中家庭中有这种相互矛盾的信息，那么他长大后也更可能变得这么“设防”。
#5 Biological.
从生物学的角度来讲
One biological approach suggests that there may be specific genetic factors that would cause someone to have erratic moods and irritable behaviors, as may be seen in passive-aggressive personality disorder.
一种生物学角度的看法认为：有些基因会让人更容易情绪激动、更易怒，而这些现象在患有消极攻击性人格障碍的人身上都可见。
閱讀更多 91PTE 的文章
