Introduction引言
Problem: Accessibility of 1st Gen Cryptocurrencies問題:第一代加密貨幣的可訪問性
Solution: Pi - Mining Goes Mobile解決方案:Pi-Mining走向移動
Pi Economic Model: Balancing Scarcity and AccessPi經濟模型:稀缺性與獲取性的平衡
Utility: Monetizing untapped resources in p2p效用:將p2p中尚未開發的資源貨幣化
Governance - Currency for and by the people治理——人民的貨幣和人民自己的貨幣
Roadmap / Deployment plan路線圖/部署計劃
Draft 1 on March 14, 2019草案1 2019年3月14日
Preface前言As the world becomes increasingly digital, cryptocurrency is a next natural step in the evolution of money. Pi is the first digital currency for everyday people, representing a major step forward in the adoption of cryptocurrency worldwide.隨著世界變得越來越數字化，加密貨幣成為貨幣發展的下一個自然步驟。Pi是人們日常生活中使用的第一種數字貨幣，標誌著全世界在採用加密貨幣方面向前邁進了一大步。
Our Mission: Build a cryptocurrency and smart contracts platform secured and operated by everyday people.我們的使命：建立一個加密貨幣和智能合同平臺安全和操作的日常人。
Our Vision: Build the world’s most inclusive peer-to-peer marketplace, fueled by Pi, the world’s most widely used cryptocurrency.我們的願景:在Pi(世界上使用最廣泛的加密貨幣)的推動下，建立世界上最具包容性的p2p市場。
DISCLAIMER for more advanced readers: Because Pi’s mission is to be inclusive as possible, we’re going to take this opportunity to introduce our blockchain newbies to the rabbit hole ������免責聲明:因為Pi的使命是儘可能包容，我們將藉此機會向兔子洞介紹我們的區塊鏈新手:)
Introduction: Why cryptocurrencies matter引言:為什麼加密貨幣如此重要Currently, our everyday financial transactions rely upon a trusted third party to maintain a record of transactions. For example, when you do a bank transaction, the banking system keeps a record & guarantees that the transaction is safe & reliable. Likewise, when Cindy transfers $5 to Steve using PayPal, PayPal maintains a central record of $5 dollars debited from Cindy’s account and $5 credited to Steve’s. Intermediaries like banks, PayPal, and other members of the current economic system play an important role in regulating the world’s financial transactions.目前，我們日常的金融交易依賴於一個值得信賴的第三方來維護交易記錄。例如，當你進行銀行交易時，銀行系統會記錄並保證交易是安全可靠的。同樣，當辛迪使用貝寶向史蒂夫轉移5美元時，貝寶保持著從辛迪賬戶借記5美元和記入史蒂夫賬戶5美元的中央記錄。像銀行、貝寶和當前經濟體系的其他成員這樣的中介機構在監管世界金融交易方面發揮著重要作用。
However, the role of these trusted intermediaries also has limitations:然而，這些值得信賴的中介機構的作用也有侷限性:
Bitcoin’s “peer-to-peer electronic cash system,” launched in 2009 by an anonymous programmer (or group) Satoshi Nakamoto, was a watershed moment for the freedom of money. For the first time in history, people could securely exchange value, without requiring a third party or trusted intermediary. Paying in Bitcoin meant that people like Steve and Cindy could pay each other directly, bypassing institutional fees, obstructions and intrusions. Bitcoin was truly a currency without boundaries, powering and connecting a new global economy.比特幣的“點對點電子現金系統”於2009年由一個匿名的程序員(或團體)中本聰發起，是貨幣自由的一個分水嶺。有史以來第一次，人們可以安全地交換價值，而不需要第三方或信任的中間人。用比特幣支付意味著像史蒂夫和辛迪這樣的人可以直接互相支付，繞過機構收費、障礙和入侵。比特幣是一種真正的無國界貨幣，為新的全球經濟提供動力和連接。Introduction to Distributed Ledgers分佈式分類賬介紹Bitcoin achieved this historical feat by using a distributed record. While the current financial system relies on the traditional central record of truth, the Bitcoin record is maintained by a distributed community of “validators,” who access and update this public ledger. Imagine the Bitcoin protocol as a globally shared “Google Sheet” that contains a record of transactions, validated and maintained by this distributed community.比特幣通過使用分佈式記錄實現了這一歷史壯舉。儘管目前的金融體系依賴於傳統的真實記錄，但比特幣的記錄是由一個分佈式的“驗證者”社區維護的，這些“驗證者”負責訪問和更新這個公共賬簿。把比特幣協議想象成一個全球共享的“谷歌表”，其中包含交易記錄，由這個分佈式社區驗證和維護。
The breakthrough of Bitcoin (and general blockchain technology) is that, even though the record is maintained by a community, the technology enables them to always reach consensus on truthful transactions, insuring that cheaters cannot record false transactions or overtake the system. This technological advancement allows for the removal of the centralized intermediary, without compromising transactional financial security.比特幣(以及一般的區塊鏈技術)的突破在於，儘管記錄是由社區維護的，但該技術使他們總是能夠就真實交易達成共識，確保騙子不會記錄虛假交易或超越系統。這種技術進步允許取消集中的中介，而不損害交易性金融安全。
Benefits of distributed ledgers分佈式分類賬的好處In addition to decentralization, bitcoin, or cryptocurrencies in general, share a few nice properties that make money smarter and safer, although different cryptocurrencies may be stronger in some properties and weaker in others, based on different implementations of their protocols. Cryptocurrencies are held in cryptographic wallets identified by a publicly accessible address, and is secured by a very strong privately held password, called the private key. This private key cryptographically signs transaction and is virtually impossible to create fraudulent signatures. This provides security and unseizability. Unlike traditional bank accounts that can be seized by government authorities, the cryptocurrency in your wallet can never be taken away by anyone without your private key. Cryptocurrencies are censorship resistant due to the decentralized nature because anyone can submit transactions to any computer in the network to get recorded and validated. Cryptocurrency transactions are immutable because each block of transactions represents a cryptographic proof (a hash) of all the previous blocks that existed before that. Once someone sends you money, they cannot steal back their payment to you (i.e., no bouncing checks in blockchain). Some of the cryptocurrencies can even support atomic transactions. “Smart contracts” built atop these cryptocurrencies do not merely rely on law for enforcement, but directly enforced through publicly auditable code, which make them trustless and can potentially get rid of middlemen in many businesses, e.g. Escrow for real estate.除了地方分權，比特幣，或者一般的加密貨幣，共享一些好的屬性，使貨幣更加智能和安全，雖然不同的加密貨幣可能在某些屬性上更強，而在其他的弱，基於他們的協議的不同實現。加密貨幣存放在由公共可訪問地址標識的加密錢包中，並由一個非常強大的私人密碼保護，稱為私人密鑰。這種私鑰通過密碼簽署交易，實際上不可能創建欺詐性簽名。這提供了安全性和無可可抓取性。不像傳統的銀行賬戶可以被政府當局查封，你錢包裡的加密貨幣永遠不會被沒有你私人鑰匙的任何人拿走。由於分散的特性，加密貨幣具有抗審查的能力，因為任何人都可以向網絡中的任何一臺計算機提交交易，以獲得記錄和驗證。加密貨幣事務是不可變的，因為每個事務塊表示之前存在的所有塊的加密證明(散列)。一旦有人寄錢給你，他們不能偷回他們的付款給你(也就是說，沒有跳票在塊環鏈)。一些加密貨幣甚至可以支持原子交易。建立在這些加密貨幣之上的“智能合同”不僅依賴於執法，而且直接通過可公開審計的代碼執行，這使得它們不受信任，並有可能擺脫許多企業的中間商，例如房地產託管。
Securing distributed ledgers (Mining)分佈式總賬的安全(採礦)One of challenges of maintaining a distributed record of transactions is security – specifically, how to have an open and editable ledger while preventing fraudulent activity. To address this challenge, Bitcoin introduced a novel process called Mining (using the consensus algorithm “Proof of Work”) to determine who is “trusted” to make updates to the shared record of transactions.維護分佈式交易記錄的挑戰之一是安全性——具體來說，如何在防止欺詐活動的同時擁有一個開放和可編輯的分類賬。為了應對這一挑戰，比特幣引入了一種名為挖掘(使用共識算法“工作證明”)的新穎過程，以確定誰是“可信任的”，從而更新交易的共享記錄。
You can think of mining as a type of economic game that forces “Validators” to prove their merit when trying to add transactions to the record. To qualify, Validators must solve a series of complex computational puzzles. The Validator who solves the puzzle first is rewarded by being allowed to post the latest block of transactions. Posting the latest block of transactions allows Validators to “mine” a Block Reward - currently 12.5 bitcoin (or ~$40,000 at the time of writing).你可以認為挖掘是一種經濟遊戲，它迫使“驗證者”在試圖將交易添加到記錄中時證明自己的價值。為了驗證，驗證器必須解決一系列複雜的計算難題。首先解決這個難題的Validator將獲得允許發佈最新的交易塊的獎勵。張貼最新的交易塊允許驗證器“挖掘”一塊獎勵-目前12.5比特幣(或約40,000美元在撰寫本文時)。
This process is very secure, but it demands enormous computing power and energy consumption as users essentially “burn money” to solve the computational puzzle that earns them more Bitcoin. The burn-to-reward ratio is so punitive that it is always in Validators’ self-interest to post honest transactions to the Bitcoin record.這個過程非常安全，但它需要巨大的計算能力和能源消耗，因為用戶實際上是“燒錢”來解決計算難題，從而賺取更多的比特幣。燒錢與獎勵的比例是如此的懲罰性，以至於在比特幣記錄上公佈誠實的交易始終符合驗證者的自身利益。
Problem: Centralization of power and money put 1st Generation Cryptocurrencies out of reach.問題:權力和金錢的集中使第一代加密貨幣無法觸及。In the early days of Bitcoin, when only a few people were working to validate transactions and mining the first blocks, anyone could earn 50 BTC by simply running Bitcoin mining software on their personal computer. As the currency began to gain in popularity, clever miners realized that they could earn more if they had more than one computer working to mine.在比特幣的早期，只有少數人在驗證交易和挖掘第一個塊，任何人只要在個人電腦上運行比特幣挖掘軟件就可以賺到50比特幣。隨著人民幣開始流行，聰明的礦工們意識到，如果他們有不止一臺電腦來開採，他們可以賺得更多。
As Bitcoin continued to increase in value, entire companies began to spring up to mine. These companies developed specialized chips (“ASICs”) and constructed huge farms of servers using these ASIC chips to mine Bitcoin. The emergence of these enormous mining corporations, known drove the Bitcoin Gold Rush, making it very difficult for everyday people to contribute to the network and get rewarded. Their efforts also began consuming increasingly large amounts of computing energy, contributing to mounting environmental issues around the world.隨著比特幣價值的持續增長，整個公司開始湧向礦山。這些公司開發了專門的芯片(“ASIC”)，並利用這些ASIC芯片構建了巨大的服務器群來開採比特幣。這些龐大的礦業公司的出現，推動了比特幣淘金熱，使得普通人很難為網絡做出貢獻並獲得回報。他們的努力也開始消耗越來越大量的計算能源，導致全球環境問題日益嚴重。
The ease of mining Bitcoin and the subsequent rise of Bitcoin mining farms quickly produced a massive centralization of production power and wealth in Bitcoin’s network. To provide some context, 87% of all Bitcoins are now owned by 1% of their network, many of these coins were mined virtually free in their early days. As another example, Bitmain, one of Bitcoin’s biggest mining operations has earned billions in revenue and profits.挖掘比特幣的便捷以及隨之而來的比特幣挖掘農場的興起，迅速促成了比特幣網絡生產力和財富的大規模集中。為了提供一些背景信息，87%的比特幣現在被1%的比特幣網絡所擁有，其中許多比特幣在早期幾乎是免費開採的。另一個例子是Bitmain，比特幣最大的採礦業務之一，已經獲得了數十億美元的收入和利潤。
The centralization of power in Bitcoin’s network makes it very difficult and expensive for the average person. If you want to acquire Bitcoin, your easiest options are to:比特幣網絡中的權力集中對普通人來說是非常困難和昂貴的。如果你想獲得比特幣，你最簡單的選擇是:
Bitcoin was the first to show how cryptocurrency could disrupt the current financial model, giving people the ability to make transactions without having a third party in the way. The increase in freedom, flexibility, and privacy continues to drive the inevitable march toward digital currencies as a new norm. Despite its benefits, Bitcoin’s (likely unintended) concentration of money and power present a meaningful barrier to mainstream adoption. As Pi’s core team has conducted research to try to understand why people are reluctant to enter the cryptocurrency space. People consistently cited the risk of investing/mining as a key barrier to entry.比特幣首次展示了加密貨幣如何打破當前的金融模式，使人們能夠在沒有第三方阻礙的情況下進行交易。自由度、靈活性和隱私的增加繼續推動著數字貨幣不可避免地成為一種新的規範。儘管比特幣有很多好處，但它(可能是無意中)的資金和權力集中給主流應用帶來了很大的障礙。派的核心團隊進行了一項研究，試圖理解為什麼人們不願意進入加密貨幣領域。人們一直認為投資/採礦的風險是進入市場的一個關鍵障礙。
Solution: Pi - Enabling mining on mobile phones解決方案:在移動電話上實現Pi挖掘After identifying these key barriers to adoption, the Pi Core Team set out to find a way that would allow everyday people to mine (or earn cryptocurrency rewards for validating transactions on a distributed record of transactions). As a refresher, one of the major challenges that arises with maintaining a distributed record of transactions is ensuring that updates to this open record are not fraudulent. While Bitcoin’s process for updating its record is proven (burning energy / money to prove trustworthiness), it is not very user (or planet!) friendly. For Pi, we introduced the additional design requirement of employing a consensus algorithm that would also be extremely user friendly and ideally enable mining on personal computers and mobile phones.在確定了這些採用的關鍵障礙之後，Pi核心小組開始尋找一種方法，讓普通人能夠挖掘(或者通過驗證分佈式交易記錄的交易獲得加密貨幣獎勵)。作為一個複習者，維護分佈式事務記錄的主要挑戰之一是確保對這個公開記錄的更新不是欺詐。雖然比特幣更新記錄的過程已經得到證實(燃燒能量/金錢來證明可信度)，但它並不是很好的用戶(或星球!)友好的。對於Pi，我們引入了額外的設計要求，即採用一致性算法，這種算法對用戶非常友好，理想情況下可以在個人電腦和移動電話上進行挖掘。
In comparing existing consensus algorithms (the process that records transactions into a distributed ledger), the Stellar Consensus Protocol emerges as the leading candidate to enable user-friendly, mobile-first mining. Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP) was architected by David Mazières a professor of Computer Science at Stanford who also serves as Chief Scientist at the Stellar Development Foundation. SCP uses a novel mechanism called Federated Byzantine Agreements to ensure that updates to a distributed ledger are accurate and trustworthy. SCP is also deployed in practice through the Stellar blockchain that has been operating since 2015.在比較現有的一致性算法(將事務記錄到分佈式分類賬的過程)時，Stellar一致性協議成為支持用戶友好、移動優先挖掘的主要候選方案。恆星共識協議(starConsensusProtocol，SCP)是由斯坦福大學計算機科學教授Davidmazi設計的，他同時也是恆星發展基金會的首席科學家。Scp使用一種稱為聯邦拜占庭協議(
federatedbyzantineagreement)的新機制來確保分佈式分類賬的更新是準確和可信的。Scp也通過自2015年以來一直運行的Stellar區塊鏈在實踐中進行部署。
A simplified introduction to consensus algorithms一致性算法簡介Before jumping to introducing the Pi consensus algorithm, it helps to have a simple explanation on what a consensus algorithm does for a blockchain and the types of consensus algorithms that today’s blockchain protocols generally use, e.g. Bitcoin and SCP. This section is explicitly written in a oversimplified manner for the sake of clarity, and is not complete. For higher accuracy, see the section Adaptations to SCP below and read the stellar consensus protocol paper.在介紹Pi一致性算法之前，先簡單解釋一下一致性算法對區塊鏈的作用，以及當今區塊鏈協議通常使用的一致性算法的類型，例如比特幣和SCP。為了清晰起見，本節顯式地以過於簡化的方式編寫，並且不完整。要獲得更高的準確性，請參閱下面的SCP適應章節，並閱讀主要共識協議文件。
A blockchain is a fault-tolerant distributed system that aims to totally order a list of blocks of transactions. Fault-tolerant distributed systems is an area of computer science that has been studied for many decades. They are called distributed systems because they do not have a centralized server but instead they are composed of a decentralized list of computers (called nodes or peers) that need to come to a consensus as to what is the content and total ordering of blocks. They are also called fault-tolerant because they can tolerate a certain degree of faulty nodes into the system (e.g. up to 33% of nodes can be faulty and the overall system continues to operate normally).區塊鏈是一個容錯的分佈式系統，旨在完全有序的事務塊列表。容錯分佈式系統是計算機科學的一個領域，已經研究了幾十年。它們之所以被稱為分佈式系統，是因為它們沒有一個集中的服務器，而是由一個分散的計算機列表(稱為節點或對等點)組成，這些計算機需要就塊的內容和總次序達成共識。它們也被稱為容錯節點，因為它們可以容忍系統中某種程度的錯誤節點(例如，多達33%的節點可能出錯，整個系統繼續正常運行)。
There are two broad categories of consensus algorithms: The ones that elect a node as the leader who produces the next block, and the ones where there is no explicit leader but all nodes come to a consensus of what the next block is after exchanging votes by sending computer messages to each other. (Strictly speaking the last sentence contains multiple inaccuracies, but it helps us explain the broad strokes.)一致同意算法有兩大類:一類是選出一個節點作為產生下一個塊的領導者，另一類是沒有明確的領導者，但所有節點通過互相發送計算機消息，對下一個塊的內容達成一致意見。(嚴格來說，最後一句包含了多個不準確的地方，但是它幫助我們解釋了大致內容。)
Bitcoin uses the first type of consensus algorithm: All bitcoin nodes are competing against each other in solving a cryptographic puzzle. Because the solution is found randomly, essentially the node that finds the solution first, by chance, is elected the leader of the round who produces the next block. This algorithm is called “Proof of work” and results in a lot of energy consumption.比特幣使用第一種共識算法:所有比特幣節點在解決密碼難題時相互競爭。因為解是隨機發現的，本質上，首先找到解的節點，偶然地，被選舉為產生下一個塊的輪的領導者。這種算法被稱為“工作證明”，並導致大量的能源消耗。
A simplified introduction to Stellar Consensus Protocol《恆星共識議定書》簡介Pi uses the other type of consensus algorithms and is based on the Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP) and an algorithm called Federated Byzantine Agreement (FBA). Such algorithms don’t have energy waste but they require exchanging many network messages in order for the nodes to come to “consensus” on what the next block should be. Each node can independently determine if a transaction is valid or not, e.g. authority of making the transition and double spending, based on the cryptographic signature and the transaction history. However, for a network of computers to agree on which transactions to record in a block and the order of these transactions and blocks, they need to message each other and have multiple rounds of voting to come to consensus. Intuitively, such messages from different computers in the network about which block is the next would look like the following: “I propose we all vote for block A to be next”; “I vote for block A to be the next block”; “I confirm that the majority of the nodes I trust also voted for block A”, from which the consensus algorithm enables this node to conclude that “A is the next block; and there could be no block other than A as the next block”; Even though the above voting steps seem a lot, the internet is adequately fast and these messages are lightweight, thus such consensus algorithms are more lightweight than Bitcoin’s proof of work. One major representative of such algorithms is called Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT). Several of the top blockchains today are based on variants of BFT, such as NEO and Ripple.Pi使用其他類型的一致性算法，並基於StellarConsensusProtocol(SCP)和一個名為
FederatedByzantineAgreement(FBA)的算法。這種算法沒有能源浪費，但是它們需要交換許多網絡消息，以便節點對下一個塊應該是什麼達成“共識”。每個節點可以獨立地確定一個事務是否有效，例如根據加密簽名和事務歷史確定進行轉換和重複開銷的權限。然而，對於一個計算機網絡來說，要商定在一個塊中記錄哪些交易以及這些交易和塊的順序，它們需要彼此發送消息，並進行多輪投票才能達成共識。從直觀上看，來自網絡中不同計算機的關於下一個塊是哪個塊的信息看起來像這樣:“我提議我們都投票支持a塊成為下一個塊”;“我投票支持a塊成為下一個塊”;“我確認我信任的大多數節點也投票支持a塊”，從這個一致性算法中，該節點可以得出結論:“a是下一個塊;除了a之外，沒有其他塊是下一個塊”;儘管上面的投票步驟看起來很多，但互聯網足夠快，這些信息是輕量級的，因此這種一致性算法不僅僅是工作的證明。這種算法的一個主要代表被稱為拜占庭將軍問題算法。今天的一些頂級塊環鏈是基於BFT的變體，如NEO和Ripple。
One major criticism of BFT is that it has a centralization point: because voting is involved, the set of nodes participating in the voting “quorum” are centrally determined by the creator of the system in its beginning. The contribution of FBA is that, instead of having one centrally determined quorum, each node sets their own “quorum slices”, which will in turn form different quorums. New nodes can join the network in a decentralized way: they declare the nodes that they trust and convince other nodes to trust them, but they don’t have to convince any central authority.對BFT的一個主要批評是它有一個集中點:因為涉及到投票，參與投票“quorum”的節點集在開始時由系統的創建者集中決定。Fba的貢獻在於，每個節點都設置了自己的“法定人數切片”，而不是由一箇中央決定的法定人數，這些法定人數切片又會形成不同的四分之一。新的節點可以以分散的方式加入網絡:它們聲明它們信任的節點，並說服其他節點信任它們，但它們不需要說服任何中央權威機構。
SCP is one instantiation of FBA. Instead of burning energy like in Bitcoin’s proof of work consensus algorithm, SCP nodes secure the shared record by vouching for other nodes in the network as trustworthy. Each node in the network builds a quorum slice, consisting of other nodes in the network that they deem to be trustworthy. Quorums are formed based on its members quorum slices, and a validator will only accept new transactions if and only if a proportion of nodes in their quorums will also accept the transaction. As validators across the network construct their quorums, these quorums help nodes to reach consensus about transactions with guarantee on security. You can learn more about the Stellar Consensus Protocol by watching this short, 7 min explanation video or checking out this technical summary of SCP.Scp是FBA的一個實例。不像比特幣的工作證明一致性算法那樣消耗能量，SCP節點通過擔保網絡中的其他節點是可信的來保護共享記錄。網絡中的每個節點構建quorumslice，quorumslice由網絡中它們認為可信的其他節點組成。量程是根據其成員的法定人數切片形成的，並且只有當且僅當量程中的一部分節點也接受事務時，驗證器才會接受新的事務。由於整個網絡的驗證器構造它們的準則，這些準則幫助節點在保證安全的前提下就事務達成共識。你可以通過觀看這個7分鐘的簡短解釋視頻或者查看SCP的技術總結來了解更多關於恆星一致性協議的信息。
Pi’s Adaptations to Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP)Pi對恆星協商一致協議(SCP)的適應Pi’s consensus algorithm builds atop SCP. SCP has been formally proven [Mazieres 2015] and is currently implemented within the Stellar Network. Unlike Stellar Network consisting mostly of companies and institutions (e.g., IBM) as nodes, Pi intends to allow devices of individuals to contribute on the protocol level and get rewarded, including mobile phones, laptops and computers. Below is an introduction on how Pi applies SCP to enabling mining by individuals.Pi的一致性算法建立在SCP之上。Scp已被正式證明[Mazieres2015]，目前正在恆星網絡中實施。與主要由公司和機構(如IBM)組成的StellarNetwork不同，Pi打算允許個人設備在協議層面做出貢獻並獲得獎勵，包括移動電話、筆記本電腦和計算機。下面介紹Pi如何將SCP應用到個人採礦中。
There are four roles Pi users can play, as Pi miners. Namely:用戶可以扮演四個角色，即:
•Pioneer. A user of the Pi mobile app who is simply confirming that they are not a “robot” on a daily basis. This user validates their presence every time they sign in to the app. They can also open the app to request transactions (e.g. make a payment in Pi to another Pioneer)•先鋒。Pi手機應用的用戶每天只是簡單地確認他們不是“機器人”。這個用戶每次登錄到應用程序時都會驗證他們的存在。他們還可以打開應用程序請求交易(例如用Pi向另一個先鋒公司付款)
•Contributor. A user of the Pi mobile app who is contributing by providing a list of pioneers he or she knows and trusts. In aggregate, Pi contributors will build a global trust graph.•投稿人。Pi手機應用程序的用戶，通過提供他或她所認識和信任的先驅者名單來做出貢獻。總的來說，Pi貢獻者將建立一個全局信任圖。
•Ambassador. A user of the Pi mobile app who is introducing other users into Pi network.•大使。一個Pi手機應用程序的用戶，他正在將其他用戶引入Pi網絡。
•Node. A user who is a pioneer, a contributor using the Pi mobile app, and is also running the Pi node software on their desktop or laptop computer. The Pi node software is the software that runs the core SCP algorithm, taking into account the trust graph information provided by the Contributors.•節點。一個使用Pi移動應用程序的先鋒用戶，一個貢獻者，並且在他們的臺式機或筆記本電腦上運行Pi節點軟件。Pi節點軟件是運行核心SCP算法的軟件，考慮貢獻者提供的信任圖信息。
A user can play more than one of the above roles. All roles are necessary, thus all roles are rewarded with newly minted Pi on a daily basis as long as they participated and contributed during that given day. In the loose definition of a “miner” being a user who receives newly minted currency as a reward for contributions, all four roles are considered to be Pi miners. We define“mining” more broadly than its traditional meaning equated to executing proof of work consensus algorithm as in Bitcoin or Ethereum.用戶可以扮演上述多個角色。所有的角色都是必要的，因此所有的角色都會在每天的基礎上獲得新的圓周率，只要他們在那一天參與並做出貢獻。在對“miner”的寬鬆定義中，“miner”是指獲得新幣作為貢獻獎勵的用戶，所有四個角色都被認為是Pi礦工。我們對“挖掘”的定義比傳統意義上的“執行工作證明一致性算法”更寬泛，比如在比特幣或以太網中。
First of all, we need to emphasize that the Pi Node software has not been released yet. So this section is offered more as an architectural design and as a request to solicit comments from the technical community. This software will be fully open source and it will also heavily depend on stellar-core which is also open source software, available here. This means that anyone in the community will be able to read, comment and propose improvements on it. Below are the Pi proposed changes to SCP to enable mining by individual devices.首先，我們需要強調的是Pi Node軟件還沒有發佈。因此，本節更多的是作為一個架構設計提供的，也是一個向技術社區徵求意見的請求。這個軟件將是完全開源的，它也將嚴重依賴恆星核心，這也是開源軟件，可在這裡。這意味著社區中的任何人都可以閱讀、評論並提出改進建議。下面是Pi提議的SCP更改，以支持單個設備的挖掘。
Nodes節點For readability, we define as a correctly connected node to be what the SCP paper refers to as an intact node. Also, for readability, we define as the main Pi network to be the set of all intact nodes in the Pi network. The main task of each Node is to be configured to be correctly connected to the main Pi network. Intuitively, a node being incorrectly connected to the main network is similar to a Bitcoin node not being connected to the main bitcoin network.為了便於閱讀，我們將SCP文章中提到的正確連接節點定義為完整節點。另外，為了可讀性，我們將主Pi網絡定義為Pi網絡中所有完整節點的集合。每個節點的主要任務是配置為正確連接到主Pi網絡。直觀地說，一個不正確地連接到主網絡的節點類似於一個沒有連接到主比特幣網絡的比特幣節點。
In SCP’s terms, for a node to get correctly connected means that this node must chose a “quorum slice” such that all resulting quorums that include this node intersect with the existing network’s quorums. More precisely, a node vn+1 is correctly connected to a main network N of n already correctly connected nodes (v1, v2, …, vn) if the resulting system N’ of n+1 nodes (v1, v2, …, vn+1) enjoys quorum intersection. In other words, N’ enjoys quorum intersection iff any two of its quorums share a node. – i.e., for all quorums U1 and U2, U1∩U2 ≠ ∅.用SCP的術語來說，一個節點要正確連接意味著這個節點必須選擇一個“quorumslice”，這樣包含這個節點的所有產生的量子與現有網絡的量子相交。更準確地說，一個節點vn+1正確連接到一個主網絡n的n個已經正確連接的節點(v1，v2，…，vn)，如果得到的系統n’的n+1節點(v1，v2，…，vn+1)享有quorum交集。換句話說，n’享有quorum交當且僅當其任意兩個量子共享一個節點。–即，對於所有的quorumsU1和U2，U1∩U2≠something。
The main contribution of Pi over the existing Stellar consensus deployment is that it introduces the concept of a trust graph provided by the Pi Contributors as information that can be used by the Pi nodes when they are setting up their configurations to connect to the main Pi network.對於現有的Stellar共識部署，Pi的主要貢獻是引入了Pi貢獻者提供的信任圖的概念，作為Pi節點在設置連接到主Pi網絡的配置時可以使用的信息。
When picking their quorum slices, these Nodes must take into consideration the trust graph provided by the Contributors, including their own security circle. To assist in this decision, we intend to provide auxiliary graph analysis software to assist users running Nodes to make as informed decisions as possible. This software’s daily output will include:在選擇它們的仲裁切片時，這些節點必須考慮貢獻者提供的信任圖，包括它們自己的安全圈。為了協助這一決定，我們打算提供輔助圖形分析軟件，以幫助運行節點的用戶做出儘可能知情的決定。該軟件的日常輸出包括:
•a ranked list of nodes ordered by their distance from the current node in the trust graph; a ranked list of nodes based a pagerank analysis of nodes in the trust graph• 信任圖中按照節點與當前節點的距離排序的節點的排序列表;基於信任圖中節點的pagerank分析的節點排序列表
•a list of nodes reported by the community as faulty in any way a list of new nodes seeking to join the network•由社區報告的在任何方面都是錯誤的節點列表尋求加入網絡的新節點列表
•a list of most recent articles from the web on the keyword “misbehaving Pi nodes” and other related keywords; a visual representation of Nodes comprising the Pi network similar to what is shown in StellarBeat Quorum monitor [source code] .• 關鍵字“失常的Pi節點”和其他相關關鍵字的最新文章列表;與StellarBeat Quorum monitor[源代碼]類似的Pi網絡節點的直觀表示。
•a quorum explorer similar to QuorumExplorer.com [source code].•類似於quorumexplorer.com[源代碼]的quorum瀏覽器。
•a simulation tool like the one in StellarBeat Quorum monitor that shows the expected resulting impacts to this nodes’ connectivity to the Pi network when the current node’s configuration changes.•一個類似於StellarBeat Quorum monitor的模擬工具，顯示當前節點的配置發生變化時，預期結果對節點與Pi網絡的連接產生的影響。
An interesting research problem for future work is to develop algorithms that can take into consideration the trust graph and suggest each node an optimal configuration, or even set that configuration automatically. On the first deployment of the Pi Network, while users running Nodes can update their Node configuration at any time, they will be prompted to confirm their configurations daily and asked to update them if they see fit.未來工作的一個有趣的研究問題是開發算法，可以考慮信任圖，並建議每個節點一個最佳配置，甚至自動設置該配置。在Pi網絡的第一次部署中，當運行Node的用戶可以隨時更新他們的Node配置時，系統會提示他們每天確認他們的配置，並要求他們在認為合適的時候進行更新。
Mobile app users移動應用程序用戶When a Pioneer needs to confirm that a given transaction has been executed (e.g. that they have received Pi) they open the mobile app. At that point, the mobile app connects to one or more Nodes to inquire if the transaction has been recorded on the ledger and also to get the most recent block number and hash value of that block. If that Pioneer is also running a Node the mobile app connects to that Pioneer’s own node. If the Pioneer is not running a node, then the app connects to multiple nodes and to cross check this information. Pioneers will have the ability select which nodes they want their apps to connect to. But to make it simple for most users, the app should have a reasonable default set of nodes, e.g. a number of nodes closest to the user based on the trust graph, along with a random selection of nodes high in pagerank. We ask for your feedback on how the default set of nodes for mobile Pioneers should be selected.當先鋒需要確認一個給定的交易已經執行(例如，他們已經收到了π)，他們就會打開移動應用程序。此時，移動應用程序連接到一個或多個節點，以查詢交易是否已被記錄在分類賬上，並獲取該塊的最新塊號和散列值。如果Pioneer也運行一個Node，那麼移動應用程序將連接到Pioneer自己的節點。如果Pioneer沒有運行一個節點，那麼應用程序將連接到多個節點並交叉檢查這些信息。先驅者可以選擇他們希望他們的應用程序連接到哪些節點。但是為了讓大多數用戶簡單，應用程序應該有一個合理的默認節點集，例如基於信任圖的一些最接近用戶的節點，以及隨機選擇的高pagerank的節點。我們請您就如何選擇移動拓荒者的默認節點集提供反饋。
Mining rewards開採獎勵A beautiful property of the SCP algorithm is that it is more generic than a blockchain. It coordinates consensus across a distributed system of Nodes. This means that the same core algorithm is not only used every few seconds to record new transactions in new blocks, but also it can be used to periodically run more complex computations. For example, once a week, the stellar network is using it to compute inflation on the stellar network and allocate the newly minted tokens proportionally to all stellar coin holders (Stellar’s coin is called lumens). In a similar manner, the Pi network employs SCP once a day to compute the network-wide new Pi distribution across all Pi miners (pioneers, contributors, ambassadors, nodes) who actively participated in any given day. In other words, Pi mining rewards are computed only once daily and not on every block of the blockchain.Scp算法的一個美麗的特性是它比區塊鏈更加通用。它協調整個分佈式節點系統的一致性。這意味著相同的核心算法不僅每隔幾秒就用於在新塊中記錄新事務，而且還可以用於週期性地運行更復雜的計算。例如，恆星網絡每週一次使用它來計算恆星網絡上的膨脹，並將新鑄造的代幣按比例分配給所有恆星硬幣持有者(恆星硬幣稱為流明)。同樣，Pi網絡每天使用SCP一次計算所有Pi礦工(先驅者、貢獻者、大使、節點)的新Pi分佈。換句話說，Pi挖掘獎勵計算只有每天一次，而不是在每個塊環鏈塊。
For comparison Bitcoin allocates mining rewards on every block and it give all of the reward to the miner who was lucky enough to be able to solve a computationally intensive randomized task. This reward in Bitcoin currently 12.5 Bitcoin (~$40K) is given to only one miner every 10 minutes. This makes it extremely unlikely for any given miner to ever get rewards. As a solution to that, bitcoin miners are getting organized in centralized mining pools, which all contribute processing power, increasing the likelihood of getting rewards, and eventually sharing proportionally those rewards. Mining pools are not only points of centralization, but also their operators get cuts reducing the amount going to individual miners. In Pi, there is no need for mining pools, since once a day everyone who contributed get a meritocratic distribution of new Pi.比較而言，比特幣在每個區塊上分配挖掘獎勵，並將所有獎勵給那些幸運地能夠解決計算密集型隨機任務的礦工。目前，每10分鐘只有一名礦工能獲得12.5比特幣(約合40000美元)的獎勵。這使得任何給定的礦工都極不可能得到獎勵。為了解決這個問題，比特幣礦工被組織在集中的挖掘池中，這些都有助於提高處理能力，增加獲得獎勵的可能性，並最終按比例分享這些獎勵。採礦池不僅是中央集權的要點，而且它們的經營者得到削減，減少了支付給個體礦工的金額。在《少年派》中，沒有挖掘資源的必要，因為每個貢獻者每天都會得到一次新派的精英分配。
Transaction fees交易費用Similar to Bitcoin transactions, fees are optional in the Pi network. Each block has a certain limit of how many transactions can be included in it. When there is no backlog of transactions, transactions tend to be free. But if there are more transactions, nodes order them by fee, with highest-fee-transactions at the top and pick only the top transactions to be included in the produced blocks. This makes it an open market. Implementation: Fees are proportionally split among Nodes once a day. On every block, the fee of each transaction is transferred into a temporary wallet from where in the end of the day it is distributed to the active miners of the day. This wallet has an unknown private key. Transactions in and out of that wallet are forced by the protocol itself under the consensus of all nodes in the same way the consensus also mints new Pi every day.與比特幣交易類似，在Pi網絡中收費是可選的。每個塊對其中包含的事務數量都有一定的限制。當交易沒有積壓時，交易往往是自由的。但是，如果有更多的交易，節點按照收費順序排序，收費最高的交易位於頂部，並且只選擇要包含在生成塊中的最高交易。這使它成為一個開放的市場。實現:每天按比例在節點之間分攤一次費用。在每個街區，每筆交易的費用都會轉入一個臨時錢包，在一天結束時，錢包會被分發給當天的活躍礦工。這個錢包有一個未知的私人鑰匙。在所有節點的一致同意下，協議本身強制進出這個錢包的交易，就像一致同意每天都在鑄造新的π一樣。
Limitations and future work限制和未來的工作SCP has been extensively tested for several years as part of the Stellar Network, which at the time of this writing is the ninth largest cryptocurrency in the world. This gives us a quite large degree of confidence in it. One ambition of the Pi project is to scale the number of nodes in the Pi network to be larger than the number of nodes in the Stellar network to allow more everyday users to participate in the core consensus algorithm. Increasing the number of nodes, will inevitably increase the number of network messages that must be exchanged between them. Even though these messages are much smaller than an image or a youtube video, and the Internet today can reliably transfer videos quickly, the number of messages necessary increases with the number of participating nodes, which can become bottleneck to the speed of reaching consensus. This will ultimately slow down the rate, at which new blocks and new transactions are recorded in the network. Thankfully, Stellar is currently much faster than Bitcoin. At the moment, Stellar is calibrated to produce a new block every 3 to 5 seconds, being able to support thousands of transactions per second. By comparison, Bitcoin produces a new block every 10 minutes. Moreover, due to Bitcoin’s lack in the safety guarantee, Bitcoin’s blockchain in rare occasions can be overwritten within the first hour. This means that a user of Bitcoin must wait about 1 hour before they can be sure that a transaction is considered final. SCP guarantees safety, which means after 3-5 seconds one is certain about a transaction. So even with the potential scalability bottleneck, Pi expects to achieve transaction finality faster than Bitcoin and possibly slower than Stellar, and process more transactions per second than Bitcoin and possibly fewer than Stellar.作為Stellar網絡的一部分，SCP已經被廣泛測試了幾年，在撰寫本文時，該網絡是世界上第九大密碼貨幣。這給了我們相當大的信心。項目的一個目標是將Pi網絡中的節點數量擴大到大於Stellar網絡中的節點數量，以便讓更多的日常用戶參與核心一致性算法。增加節點的數量，將不可避免地增加必須在它們之間交換的網絡消息的數量。儘管這些信息比圖片或youtube視頻小得多，而且今天的互聯網可以可靠地快速傳輸視頻，但是必要的信息數量隨著參與節點數量的增加而增加，這可能成為達成共識速度的瓶頸。這將最終降低網絡中記錄新塊和新事務的速度。值得慶幸的是，Stellar目前比比特幣快得多。目前，Stellar被校準為每3到5秒生成一個新塊，能夠支持每秒數千次的事務處理。相比之下，比特幣每10分鐘產生一個新塊。此外，由於比特幣缺乏安全保障，比特幣的區塊鏈在罕見的情況下可以在第一個小時內被覆蓋。這意味著比特幣用戶必須等待大約1小時，才能確保交易被視為最終交易。Scp保證安全，這意味著在3-5秒之後，一個人對事務是肯定的。因此，即使存在潛在的可伸縮性瓶頸，Pi還是希望比比特幣更快地完成交易結束，速度可能比Stellar慢，每秒處理的交易量比比特幣更多，甚至可能比Stellar更少。
While scalability of SCP is still an open research problem. There are multiple promising ways one could speed things up. One possible scalability solution is bloXroute. BloXroute proposes a blockchain distribution network (BDN) that utilizes a global network of servers optimized for network performance. While each BDN is centrally controlled by one organization, they offer a provably neutral message passing acceleration. I.e. BDNs can only serve all nodes fairly without discrimination as messages are encrypted. This means the BDN does not know where messages come from, where they go, or what is inside. This way Pi nodes can have two message passing routes: A fast one through BDN, which is expected to be reliable most of the time, and its original peer-to-peer message passing interface that is fully decentralized and reliable but is slower. The intuition of this idea is vaguely similar to caching: The cache is place where a computer can access data very quickly, speeding the average computation, but it is not guaranteed to always have every needed piece of information. When the cache misses, the computer is slowed down but nothing catastrophic happens. Another solution can be using secure acknowledgment of multicast messages in open Peer-to-Peer networks [Nicolosi and Mazieres 2004] to speed up message propagation among peers.然而SCP的可擴展性仍然是一個有待研究的問題。一個人可以通過多種有希望的方式加快進度。一個可能的可伸縮性解決方案是bloXroute。Bloxroute提出了一個區塊鏈分佈式網絡(BDN)，它利用了一個為網絡性能優化的全球服務器網絡。雖然每個BDN由一個組織集中控制，但它們提供了一個可證明的中立消息傳遞加速。也就是說，當消息被加密時，bdn只能公平地為所有節點提供服務而不會受到歧視。這意味著BDN不知道消息來自哪裡，它們去哪裡，或者消息內容是什麼。通過這種方式，Pi節點可以有兩個消息傳遞路由:一個是通過BDN的快速路由，預計在大多數情況下是可靠的;另一個是其原始的點對點消息傳遞接口，該接口完全分散且可靠，但速度較慢。這個想法的直覺與緩存有點相似:緩存是計算機可以非常快速地訪問數據的地方，加快了平均計算速度，但它並不能保證總是擁有所有需要的信息。當緩存未找到時，計算機就會變慢，但不會發生災難性的情況。另一個解決方案是在開放的對等網絡中使用多播消息的安全確認來加速對等網絡中的消息傳播。
Pi Economic Model: Balancing Scarcity and AccessPi經濟模型:稀缺性與獲取性的平衡
Pros and cons of 1st Generation Economic Models第一代經濟模型的利與弊One of Bitcoin’s most impressive innovations is its marriage of distributed systems with economic game theory.比特幣最令人印象深刻的創新之一是它將分佈式系統與經濟博弈理論結合起來。
Pros優點
Fixed Supply固定供應Bitcoin’s economic model is simple. There will only ever be 21 million Bitcoin in existence. This number is set in code. With only 21M to circulate among 7.5B people around the world, there is not enough Bitcoin to go around. This scarcity is one of most important drivers of Bitcoin’s value.比特幣的經濟模型很簡單。只有2100萬比特幣存在。這個數字是用代碼設置的。由於只有2100萬比特幣可以在全球75億人中流通，所以沒有足夠的比特幣可以流通。這種稀缺性是比特幣價值最重要的驅動因素之一。
Decreasing Block Reward減少積木獎勵Bitcoin’ distribution scheme, pictured below, further enforces this sense of scarcity. The Bitcoin block mining reward halves every 210,000 blocks (approximately every ~4 years.) In its early days, the Bitcoin block reward was 50 coins. Now, the reward is 12.5, and will further decrease to 6.25 coins in May 2020. Bitcoin’s decreasing rate of distribution means that, even as awareness of the currency grows, there is less to actually mine.如下圖所示，比特幣的分配方案進一步強化了這種稀缺感。比特幣塊挖掘每21萬塊獎勵一半(大約每4年)在早期，比特幣塊的獎勵是50個硬幣。現在，獎金是12.5，到2020年5月將進一步減少到6.25枚硬幣。比特幣發行量的下降意味著，即使人們對這種貨幣的認識有所提高，實際挖掘的比特幣數量也會減少。
Cons缺點Inverted Means Uneven倒立意味著不平衡Bitcoin’s inverted distribution model (less people earning more in the beginning, and more people earn less today) is one of the primary contributors to its uneven distribution. With so much Bitcoin in the hands of a few early adopters, new miners are “burning” more energy for less bitcoin.比特幣的反向分佈模式(比特幣開始時收入較少，現在收入較少)是其分佈不均衡的主要原因之一。由於有這麼多比特幣掌握在少數早期使用者手中，新的礦工們正在“燃燒”更多的能量，以換取更少的比特幣。
Hoarding Inhibits Use as a Medium of Exchange囤積抑制作為交換媒介的使用Although Bitcoin was released as a “peer to peer electronic cash” system, the relative scarcity of Bitcoin has impeded Bitcoin’s goal of serving as a medium exchange. Bitcoin’s scarcity has led to its perception as a form of “digital gold” or a digital store of value. The result of this perception is that many Bitcoin holders are unwilling to spend Bitcoin on day-to-day expenses.雖然比特幣是作為“點對點電子現金”系統發行的，但比特幣的相對稀缺性阻礙了比特幣作為交易媒介的目標。比特幣的稀缺性導致它被認為是一種“數字黃金”或一種數字價值儲存。這種看法的結果是，許多比特幣持有者不願意花比特幣支付日常開支。
The Pi Economic Modelπ經濟模型Pi, on the other hand, seeks to strike a balance between creating a sense of scarcity for Pi, while still ensuring that a large amount does not accumulate into a very small number of hands. We want to make sure our users earn more Pi as they make contributions to the network. Pi’s goal is to build an economic model that is sophisticated enough to achieve and balance these priorities while remaining intuitive enough for people to use.另一方面，圓周率試圖在為圓周率創造稀缺感的同時，確保大量的圓周率不會積累到極少數人的手中，找到一種平衡。我們希望確保我們的用戶在為網絡做貢獻時能獲得更多的π。的目標是建立一個足夠複雜的經濟模型來實現和平衡這些優先事項，同時保持足夠的直觀性以供人們使用。
Pi’s economic model design requirements:的經濟模型設計要求:
•Simple: Build an intuitive and transparent model•簡單:建立一個直觀和透明的模型
•Fair distribution: Give a critical mass of the world’s population access to Pi•公平分配:讓世界上足夠多的人接觸到π
•Scarcity: Create a sense of scarcity to sustain Pi’s price over time•稀缺性:創造一種稀缺感來維持Pi的價格隨著時間的推移
•Meritocratic earning: Reward contributions to build and sustain the network•精英收入:獎勵建立和維持網絡的貢獻
Pi - Token SupplyPi-令牌供應
Token Emission Policy通證釋放政策
M - Mining Supply (Based on fixed mining supply minted per person)採礦供應(以每人固定採礦供應為基礎)In contrast to Bitcoin which created a fixed supply of coins for the entire global population, Pi creates a fixed supply of Pi for each person that joins the network up to the first 100 Million participants. In other words, for each person that joins the Pi Network, a fixed amount of Pi is pre-minted. This supply is then released over the lifetime of that member based on their level of engagement and contribution to network security. The supply is released using an exponentially decreasing function similar to Bitcoin’s over the member’s lifetime.與為全球人口提供固定貨幣供應的比特幣不同，Pi為每個加入網絡的人提供固定的Pi值，直到第一個1億個參與者。換句話說，對於每個加入Pi網絡的人，都預先生成一個固定數量的π。然後，根據該成員的參與程度和對網絡安全的貢獻，在其生命週期內釋放此供應。在用戶的生命週期中，這些供給使用一個類似於比特幣的指數遞減函數來釋放。
R - Referral Supply (Based on fixed referral reward minted per person and shared b/w referrer and referee)推薦供應(基於固定的推薦獎勵每人和共享的黑白推薦人和裁判)In order for a currency to have value, it must be widely distributed. To incentivize this goal, the protocol also generates a fixed amount of Pi that serves as a referral bonus for both the referrer and the referee (or both parent and offspring ������ This shared pool can be mined by both parties over their lifetime - when both parties are actively mining. Both referrer and referee are able to draw upon this pool in order to avoid exploitative models where referrers are able to “prey” on their referees. The referral bonus serves as a network-level incentive to grow the Pi Network while also incentivizing engagement among members in actively securing the network.為了使一種貨幣具有價值，它必須被廣泛分發。為了激勵這個目標，協議還產生了一個固定數量的Pi，作為推薦者和推薦者(或者父母和子女)的推薦獎勵:當雙方都在積極挖掘時，這個共享池可以被雙方在他們的一生中挖掘。裁判員和裁判員都可以利用這個池，以避免裁判員可以“獵取”他們的裁判員的剝削模式。推薦獎金作為網絡層面的激勵，促進Pi網絡的發展，同時也激勵會員積極參與網絡安全。
D - Developer Reward Supply (Additional Pi minted to support ongoing development)D-開發人員獎勵補給(為支持正在進行的開發而產生的額外Pi)Pi will fund its ongoing development with a “Developer Reward” that is minted alongside each coin that is minted for mining and referrals. Traditionally, cryptocurrency protocols have minted a fixed amount of supply that is immediately placed into treasury. Because Pi’s total supply is dependent on the number of members in the network, Pi progressively mints its developer reward as the network scales. The progressive minting of Pi’s developer reward is meant to align the incentives of Pi’s contributors with the overall health of the network.圓周率將資助其正在進行的發展與“開發商獎勵”是鑄造與每個硬幣，是挖掘和轉介鑄造。傳統上，加密貨幣協議已經鑄造了一個固定數量的供應，立即放入國庫。由於Pi的總供應量取決於網絡中的成員數量，因此隨著網絡規模的擴大，Pi逐漸減少了對開發者的獎勵。對Pi開發者的獎勵的逐步增加是為了使Pi的貢獻者的激勵與整個網絡的健康狀況保持一致。
f is a logarithmically decreasing function - early members earn moreF是一個對數遞減函數-早期成員賺得更多While Pi seeks to avoid extreme concentrations of wealth, the network also seeks to reward earlier members and their contributions with a relatively larger share of Pi. When networks such as Pi are in their early days, they tend to provide a lower utility to participants. For example, imagine having the very first telephone in the world. It would be a great technological innovation but not extremely useful. However, as more people acquire telephones, each telephone holder gets more utility out of the network. In order to reward people that come to the network early, Pi’s individual mining reward and referral rewards decrease as a function of the number of people in the network. In other words, there is a certain amount of Pi that is reserved for each “slot” in the Pi Network.雖然Pi試圖避免財富過度集中，但該網絡也試圖以相對較大的比例獎勵早期成員和他們的貢獻。當像Pi這樣的網絡處於早期階段時，它們傾向於為參與者提供較低的效用。例如，想象一下世界上第一部電話。這將是一個偉大的技術創新，但不是非常有用。然而，隨著越來越多的人擁有了電話，每個電話持有者從網絡中獲得了更多的實用性。為了獎勵那些早早來到網絡的人，Pi的個人挖掘獎勵和推薦獎勵隨著網絡中人數的減少而減少。換句話說，有一定數量的π是保留給每個“槽”在Pi網絡。
Utility: Pooling and monetizing our time online實用性:在線時間的彙集和貨幣化Today, everyone is sitting on a veritable treasure trove of untapped resources. Each of spend hours day on our phones. While on our phones, each of our views, posts or clicks creates extraordinary profits for large corporations. At Pi, we believe that people have the right to capture value created from their resources.今天，每個人都坐在一個名副其實的未開發資源寶庫上。每個人每天花幾個小時在我們的手機上。在我們的手機上，我們的每一個觀點、帖子和點擊都為大公司創造了非凡的利潤。在Pi，我們相信人們有權利從他們的資源中獲取價值。
We all know that we can do more together than we can alone. On today’s web, massive corporations like Google, Amazon, Facebook have immense leverage against individual consumers. As a result, they are able to capture the lionshare of value created by individual consumers on the web. Pi levels the playing field by allowing its members to pool their collective resources so they can get a share of the value that they create.我們都知道，我們一起能做的比我們單獨能做的更多。在今天的互聯網上，像谷歌、亞馬遜、Facebook這樣的大公司對個人消費者有著巨大的影響力。因此，他們能夠抓住個人消費者在網絡上創造的巨大價值份額。通過允許其成員共享他們的集體資源，這樣他們就可以獲得他們創造的價值的一部分，從而平衡了競爭環境。
The graphic below is the Pi Stack, where we see particularly promising opportunities for helping our members capture value. Below, we go into each of these areas in more detail.下面的圖表是圓周率堆棧，在這裡我們看到了幫助我們的成員獲取價值的特別有前途的機會。下面，我們將更詳細地介紹這些領域中的每一個。
Introducing the Pi Stack - Unleashing underutilized resources介紹Pi堆棧-釋放未充分利用的資源
Pi Ledger And Shared Trust Graph - Scaling Trust Across The WebPi分類賬和共享信任圖——跨Web擴展信任One of the biggest challenges on the internet is knowing who to trust. Today, we rely on the rating systems of providers such as Amazon, eBay, Yelp, to know who we can transact with on the internet. Despite the fact that we, customers, do the hard work of rating and reviewing our peers, these internet intermediaries capture the lionshare of the value created this work.互聯網上最大的挑戰之一就是知道該信任誰。今天，我們依賴於諸如亞馬遜、eBay、Yelp等供應商的評級系統來了解我們可以在互聯網上與誰進行交易。儘管我們這些客戶做著評級和審查同行的艱苦工作，但這些互聯網中介機構捕捉到了創造這項工作的巨大價值份額。
Pi’s consensus algorithm, described above, creates a native trust layer that scales trust on the web without intermediaries. While the value of just one individual’s Security Circle is small, the aggregate of our individual security circles build a global “trust graph” that help people understand who on the Pi Network can be trusted. The Pi Network’s global trust graph will facilitate transactions between strangers that would not have otherwise been possible. Pi’s native currency, in turn, allows everyone who contributes to the security of the network to capture a share of the value they have helped create.上面描述的Pi一致性算法創建了一個本地信任層，可以在沒有中介的情況下衡量網絡上的信任度。雖然僅僅一個人的安全圈的價值很小，但是我們個人安全圈的總和可以建立一個全局的“信任圖”，幫助人們瞭解Pi網絡上的哪些人可以信任。網絡的全球信任圖將為陌生人之間的交易提供便利，否則這是不可能的。的本地貨幣，反過來，允許每個貢獻於網絡安全的人捕獲他們幫助創造的價值的一部分。
Pi’s Attention Marketplace - Bartering Unutilized Attention And TimePi的注意力市場-用未利用的注意力和時間交換Pi allows its members to pool their collective attention to create an attention market much more valuable than any individual’s attention alone. The first application built on this layer will be a scarce social media channel currently hosted on the home screen of the application. You can think of the scarce social media channel as Instagram with one global post at a time. Pioneers can wager Pi to engage the attention of other members of the network, by sharing content (e.g., text, images, videos) or asking questions that seek to tap into the collective wisdom of the community. On the Pi Network, everyone has the opportunity to be an influencer or to tap into the wisdom of the crowd. To date, Pi’s Core Team has been using this channel to poll the community’s opinion on design choices for Pi (e.g. the community voted on the design and colors of the Pi logo.) We have received many valuable responses and feedback from the community on the project. One possible future direction is to open the attention market for any Pioneer to use Pi to post their content, while expanding the number of channels hosted on the Pi Network.允許其成員集中他們的注意力創造一個比個人注意力更有價值的注意力市場。建立在這一層上的第一個應用程序將是目前託管在應用程序主屏幕上的一個稀缺的社會媒體頻道。你可以把稀缺的社交媒體頻道想象成一次發佈一個全球帖子的Instagram。先鋒們可以用Pi打賭，通過分享內容(比如文本、圖片、視頻)或者提問來挖掘社區的集體智慧，從而吸引網絡上其他成員的注意力。在Pi網絡，每個人都有機會成為一個影響者或挖掘群眾的智慧。迄今為止，Pi的核心團隊一直在使用這個頻道來調查社區對Pi設計選擇的意見(例如，社區對Pi標誌的設計和顏色進行了投票。)我們收到了社區對這個項目的許多有價值的回應和反饋。一個可能的未來方向是開放注意力市場，任何先鋒使用Pi張貼他們的內容，同時擴大在Pi網絡託管的頻道數量。
In addition to bartering attention with their peers, Pioneers may also opt into bartering with companies that are seeking their attention. The average American sees between 4,000 and 10,000 ads a day. Companies fight for our attention and pay tremendous amounts of money for it. But we, the customers, receive no value from these transactions. In Pi’s attention marketplace, companies seeking to reach Pioneers will have to compensate their audience in Pi. Pi’s advertising marketplace will be strictly opt-in only and will provide an opportunity for Pioneers to monetize one of their greatest untapped resources: their attention.除了與同行交換關注，拓荒者還可能選擇與那些尋求他們關注的公司進行交換。美國人平均每天看4000到10000個廣告。公司為了吸引我們的注意力而鬥爭，併為此支付了大量的金錢。但是我們，客戶，從這些交易中得不到任何價值。在Pi的注意力市場中，想要接近Pioneers的公司將不得不補償他們在Pi中的觀眾。Pi的廣告市場將嚴格限制用戶的選擇，這將為先鋒們提供一個機會，使他們最大的尚未開發的資源之一——他們的注意力——實現盈利。
Pi’s Barter Marketplace - Build Your Personal Virtual StorefrontPi的易貨市場-建立你的個人虛擬店面In addition to contributing trust and attention to the Pi Network, we expect Pioneers to be able to contribute their unique skills and services in the future. Pi’s mobile application will also serve as a Point of Sales where Pi’s members can offer their untapped goods and services via a “virtual storefront” to other members of the Pi Network. For example, a member offer up an underutilized room in their apartment for rent to other members on the Pi Network. In addition to real assets, members of the Pi Network will also be able to offer skills and services via their virtual storefronts. For example, a member of the Pi Network could offer their programming or design skills on the Pi marketplace. Overtime, the value of Pi will be supported by a growing basket of goods and services.除了為Pi網絡提供信任和關注外，我們期待先鋒隊在未來能夠貢獻他們獨特的技能和服務。Pi的移動應用程序也將作為銷售點，Pi的成員可以通過“虛擬店面”向Pi網絡的其他成員提供他們尚未開發的商品和服務。例如，一個成員在他們的公寓裡提供了一個未充分利用的房間出租給Pi網絡的其他成員。除了實物資產，Pi網絡的成員還可以通過他們的虛擬店面提供技能和服務。例如，Pi網絡的成員可以在Pi市場上提供他們的編程或設計技能。隨著時間的推移，越來越多的商品和服務將支撐π的價值。
Pi’s Decentralized App Store - Lowering The Barrier Of Entry For CreatorsPi的分散式應用商店——降低創作者的進入門檻The Pi Network’s shared currency, trust graph, and marketplace will be the soil for a broader ecosystem of decentralized applications. Today, anyone that wants to start an application needs to bootstrap its technical infrastructure and community from scratch. Pi’s decentralized applications store will allow Dapp developers to leverage Pi’s existing infrastructure as well as the shared resources of the community and users. Entrepreneurs and developers can propose new Dapps to the community with requests for access to the network’s shared resources. Pi will also build its Dapps with some degree of interoperability so that Dapps are able to reference data, assets, and processes in other decentralized applications.網絡的共享貨幣、信任圖表和市場將成為更廣泛的分散應用生態系統的土壤。今天，任何想要啟動應用程序的人都需要從頭開始引導它的技術基礎設施和社區。的分散式應用程序商店將允許Dapp開發者利用Pi現有的基礎設施以及社區和用戶的共享資源。企業家和開發者可以向社區提出訪問網絡共享資源的請求。Pi還將構建具有某種程度互操作性的Dapps，以便Dapps能夠引用其他分散應用程序中的數據、資產和流程。
Governance - Cryptocurrency for and by the people治理——民用和民用加密貨幣
Challenges w/ 1st Generation Governance models第一代治理模式面臨的挑戰Trust is the foundation of any successful monetary system. One of the most important factors engendering trust is governance, or the process by which changes are implemented to the protocol over time. Despite its importance, governance is often one of the most overlooked aspects of cryptoeconomic systems.信任是任何成功的貨幣體系的基礎。產生信任的最重要因素之一是治理，即隨著時間的推移對協議進行更改的過程。儘管其重要性，治理往往是一個最被忽視的方面加密經濟系統。
First generation networks such as Bitcoin largely avoided formal (or “on-chain”) governance mechanisms in favor of informal (or “off-chain”) mechanisms arising from a combination of role and incentive design. By most measures, Bitcoin’s governance mechanisms has been quite successful, allowing the protocol to grow dramatically in scale and value since its inception. However, there have also been some challenges. The economic concentration of Bitcoin has led to a concentration of political power. The result is that everyday people can get caught in the middle of destructive battles between massive holders of Bitcoin. One of the most recent examples of this challenge has been the ongoing battle between Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash. These civil wars can end in a fork where or where the blockchain. For token holders, hard forks are inflationary and can threaten the value of their holdings.像比特幣這樣的第一代網絡在很大程度上避免了正式的(或“鏈上”)治理機制，而更青睞於由角色和激勵設計相結合產生的非正式(或“鏈外”)機制。從大多數標準來看，比特幣的治理機制相當成功，從一開始就允許該協議在規模和價值上戲劇性地增長。然而，也存在一些挑戰。比特幣的經濟集中導致了政治權力的集中。其結果是，每天人們都可能陷入大量比特幣持有者之間的破壞性戰爭。這一挑戰最近的一個例子是比特幣和比特幣現金之間的持續戰爭。這些內戰可以結束在一個叉子在哪裡或哪裡的區塊鏈。對於象徵性的持有者來說，硬叉子會造成通貨膨脹，並且會威脅到他們所持有的資產的價值。
Pi’s Governance Model - a two-phase planPi的治理模型-一個兩階段的計劃In an article challenging the merits of on-chain governance, Vlad Zamfir, one of Ethereum’s core developers, argues that blockchain governance “is not an abstract design problem. It’s an applied social problem.” One of Vlad’s key points is that it is very difficult to design governance systems “a priori” or before observations of the particular challenges arising from a specific political system. One historical example is in the founding of the United States. The first experiment with democracy in the United States, the Articles of Confederation, failed after an eight-year experiment. The Founding Fathers of the United States were then able to draw upon the lessons of the Article of Confederation to craft the the Constitution - a much more successful experiment.在一篇質疑連鎖治理優點的文章中，VladZamfir，Ethereum的核心開發者之一，認為區塊鏈治理“不是一個抽象的設計問題。這是一個實用的社會問題。”弗拉德的主要觀點之一是，很難”先驗地”設計治理制度，或在觀察某一具體政治制度所產生的特殊挑戰之前設計治理制度。歷史上的一個例子是美國的成立。美國的第一個民主實驗----邦聯條例經過八年的實驗以失敗告終。於是，美國開國元勳能夠吸取聯邦憲法條款的教訓，制定憲法，這是一個更加成功的實驗。
To build an enduring governance model, Pi will pursue a two-phase plan.為了構建一個持久的治理模型，Pi將實施一個分兩個階段的計劃。
Provisional Governance Model (< 5M members)臨時管治模式(500萬成員)Until the network hits a critical mass of 5M members, Pi will operate under a provisional governance model. This model will most closely resemble “off-chain” governance models currently employed by protocols like Bitcoin and Ethereum, with Pi’s Core Team playing an important role in guiding the development of the protocol. However, Pi’s Core Team will still rely heavily on the input of the community. The Pi mobile application itself is where Pi’s core team has been soliciting community input and engaging with Pioneers. Pi embraces community critiques and suggestions, which is implemented by the open-for-comments features of Pi’s landing page, FAQs and white paper. Whenever people browse these materials on Pi’s websites, they can submit comment on a specific section right there to ask for questions and make suggestions. Offline Pioneer meetups that Pi’s core team have been organizing will also be an important channel for community input.在網絡達到500萬成員的臨界規模之前，Pi將在臨時管理模式下運作。這種模式與比特幣和Ethereum等協議目前使用的“離鏈”治理模式最為相似，Pi的核心團隊在指導協議的開發方面發揮了重要作用。然而，Pi的核心團隊仍然嚴重依賴社區的投入。的核心團隊一直在Pi的移動應用程序本身徵求社區的意見，並與拓荒者合作。圓周率擁抱社區的批評和建議，這些建議通過圓周率登陸頁面、常見問題解答和白皮書的開放式評論功能得以實現。每當人們在Pi的網站上瀏覽這些資料時，他們可以在那裡的特定部分提交評論，詢問問題並提出建議。的核心團隊組織的離線開拓者見面會也是社區投入的一個重要渠道。
Additionally, Pi’s Core Team will develop more formal governance mechanics. One potential governance system is liquid democracy. In liquid democracy, every Pioneer will have the ability to either vote on an issue directly or to delegate their vote to another member of the network. Liquid democracy would allow for both broad and efficient membership from Pi’s community.此外，Pi的核心團隊將開發更加正式的治理機制。一個潛在的治理體系是流動性民主。在流動民主制度下，每一個先鋒將有能力直接對一個問題進行投票，或者將他們的投票權委託給網絡中的另一個成員。流動的民主制度將允許來自派團體的廣泛而有效的成員。
Pi’s “Constitutional Convention” (> 5M members)Pi的「制憲會議」(500萬名成員)Upon hitting 5M members, a provisional committee will be formed based on previous contributions to the Pi Network. This committee will be responsible for soliciting and proposing suggestions from and to the wider community. It will also organize a series of on- and offline conversations where Pi’s members will be able to weigh on Pi’s long-term constitution. Given Pi’s global user base, the Pi Network will conduct these conventions at multiple locations across the world to ensure accessibility. In addition to hosting in-person conventions, Pi will also use its mobile application as a platform for allowing Pi’s member to participate in the process remotely. Whether in-person or online, Pi’s community members will have the ability to participate in the crafting Pi’s long-term governance structure.在500萬成員的基礎上，一個臨時委員會將根據先前對Pi網絡的貢獻成立。該委員會將負責向更廣泛的社區徵求和提出建議。它還將組織一系列的在線和離線對話，在這些對話中，派的成員將能夠對派的長期體質發表意見。鑑於Pi的全球用戶基礎，Pi網絡將在全球多個地點舉行這些會議，以確保無障礙性。除了舉辦面對面的會議，Pi還將使用其移動應用程序作為平臺，允許Pi的成員遠程參與進程。無論是面對面的還是在線的，派的社區成員都有能力參與制定派的長期治理結構。
Roadmap / Deployment plan路線圖/部署計劃
Phase 1 - Design, Distribution, Trust Graph Bootstrap.階段1-設計，分發，信任圖引導程序。The Pi server is operating as a faucet emulating the behavior of the decentralized system as it will function once its live. During this phase improvements in the user experience and behavior are possible and relatively easy to make compared to the stable phase of the main net. All minting of coins to users will be migrated to the live net once it launches. In other words, the livenet will pre-mint in its genesis block all account holder balances generated during Phase 1, and continue operating just like the current system but fully decentralized. Pi is not listed on exchanges during this phase and it is impossible to “buy” Pi with any other currency.服務器就像一個水龍頭一樣運行，模仿分散系統的行為，因為它一旦運行就會正常工作。在這個階段，與主網絡的穩定階段相比，用戶體驗和行為的改進是可能的，也是相對容易的。所有鑄造硬幣的用戶將遷移到生活網絡一旦它啟動。換句話說，livenet將預鑄造在其創始封鎖所有賬戶持有人平衡產生的階段1，並繼續像目前的系統一樣運作，但完全分散。在這個階段，π不在交易所上市，用任何其他貨幣“買”π都是不可能的。
Phase 2 - Testnet第二階段-測試網Before we launch the main net, the Node software will be deployed on a test net. The test net will use the same exact trust graph as the main net but on a testing Pi coin. Pi core team will host several nodes on the test net, but will encourage more Pioneers to start their own nodes on the testnet. In fact, in order for any node to join the main net, they are advised to begin on the testnet. The test net will be run in parallel to the Pi emulator in phase one, and periodically, e.g. daily, the results from both systems will be compared to catch the gaps and misses of the test net, which will allow Pi developers to propose and implement fixes. After a thorough concurrent run of both systems, testnet will reach a state where its results consistently match the emulator’s. At that time when the community feels its ready, Pi will migrate to the next phase.在我們啟動主網絡之前，Node軟件將被部署在一個測試網絡上。測試網絡將使用與主網絡完全相同的信任圖，但是在測試Pi硬幣上。核心團隊將在測試網絡上託管多個節點，但是將鼓勵更多的先驅者在測試網絡上啟動他們自己的節點。事實上，為了讓任何節點加入主網絡，建議它們從testnet開始。測試網絡將在第一階段與Pi模擬器並行運行，並且定期進行比較，例如每天，兩個系統的結果將進行比較，以捕捉測試網絡的缺口和漏洞，這將允許Pi開發人員提出並實現修復。在兩個系統完全併發運行之後，testnet將達到其結果與模擬器一致的狀態。到那個時候，當社區覺得它的準備，派將遷移到下一個階段。
Phase 3 - Mainnet第三階段-主網When the community feels the software is ready for production, and it has been thoroughly tested on the testnet, the official mainnet of the Pi network will be launched. An important detail is that, in the transition into the mainnet, only accounts validated to belong to distinct real individuals will be honored. After this point, the faucet and Pi network emulator of Phase 1 will be shut down and the system will continue on its own forever. Future updates to the protocol will be contributed by the Pi developer community and Pi’s core team, and will be proposed by the committee. Their implementation and deployment will depend on nodes updating the mining software just like any other blockchains. No central authority will be controlling the currency and it will be fully decentralized. Balances of fake users or duplicate users will be discarded. This is the phase when Pi can be connected to exchanges and be exchanged for other currencies.當社區認為軟件已經可以投入生產，並且已經在測試網絡上進行了徹底的測試，Pi網絡的官方主網絡就會啟動。一個重要的細節是，在過渡到主網絡，只有帳戶驗證屬於不同的真正的個人將得到尊重。此後，第1階段的水龍頭和Pi網絡模擬器將被關閉，系統將永遠獨立運行。協議的未來更新將由Pi開發者社區和Pi的核心團隊提供，並將由委員會提出。他們的實施和部署將取決於節點更新挖掘軟件就像任何其他區塊鏈。沒有中央機構將控制貨幣，它將是完全分散的。虛假用戶或重複用戶的餘額將被剔除。在這個階段，π可以連接到交換器，並與其他貨幣進行交換。
關鍵字: Introduction p2p 很火
