動詞的時態和語態是高考必考考點。時態（tense）是一種動詞形式，同一動詞的不同變化形式表達不同的時態，英語中有16種時態。《2017年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試大綱》附錄語法項目表中對於時態列了十項：（1）一般現在時（2）一般過去時（3）一般將來時（4）現在進行時（5）過去進行時（6）過去將來時（7）將來進行時（8）現在完成時（9）過去完成時（10）現在完成進行時；此外還列了被動語態，並將其作為單獨一項。
2015年高考全國卷Ⅰ第61題（語法填空）考查了動詞arrive的一般過去時arrived；第71題（短文改錯）考查了think變為過去時thought；第75題（短文改錯）考查了被動語態，刪掉been；第79題（短文改錯）考查了將動詞過去時的found變為現在時的find。
2016年高考全國卷Ⅰ第62題（語法填空）考查了allow的一般過去時的被動語態was allowed；第74題（短文改錯）考查了將過去時had變為現在時的have；77題（短文改錯）考查了將using變為被動used。
2017年高考全國卷Ⅰ第64題（語法填空）考查了remove的一般現在時的被動語態are removed；第74題（短文改錯）考查了將動詞goes變成一般過去時went。
一、一般現在時：動詞原形或第三人稱單數
1．構成：使用動詞原形，第三人稱單數須有變化。
（1）直接加“s”：work→works，take→takes
（2）以輔音加“y”結尾，變“y”為“i”，再加“es”：carry→carries
（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”結尾的動詞加“es”：go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches，finish→finishes
2．功能：
（1）表現在的事實、狀態或動作。例如：
①I have a dream.
②She loves music.
③Mary's parents get up very early.
（2）表習慣性動作或職業，常與often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，occasionally，frequently，seldom等時間副詞連用。例如：
①I always take a walk after supper.
②She writes to me very often.
③She is an English teacher.
（3）表客觀真理，格言警句或事實。例如：
①The earth moves around the sun.
②The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
③Two and two makes four.
④ No man but errs.
（4）表示將來發生的動作：
A．在由when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，as long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引導的狀語從句中用一般現在時表將來發生的動作。例如：
① I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow.
② Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you.
③Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.
④ I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go.
B．按時間表將要發生的動作或事件，用一般現在時表達將來時概念。例如：
①The play begins at 6:30 this evening.
②When does the plane take off?
③He leaves for that city next week.
④According to the timetable, the train starts at 9 o’clock.
二．一般過去時：動詞的過去式
1．表示過去某個特定時間或某一段時間發生的動作或情況。例如：
①We visited the school last spring.
②I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.
③China was founded in 1949.
2．在表示時間或條件等的狀語從句中代替過去將來時。例如：
①She told me she would’t go with us if it rained the next day.
②They would not leave until she came back.
③His girlfriend promised to marry him once he bought her a big house.
三．一般將來時：shall / will + 動詞原形
1．表示將要發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如：
①He will graduate from the college next year.
②We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.
2．將來時的其它結構。 例如：
I .is/am/are going to do sth.（美國口語中常讀作be gonna）
①I'm going to buy a new car this fall.
②He is going to sell his house.
注意：be going to與will的對比：下列情況須用will
①I will be sixteen years old next year.
②It will be the 20th of August tomorrow.
③When he comes, I will give him your message.
II. is/am/are + to do sth.表示計劃安排做某事或徵求意見。例如：
①Am I to take over his work?
②We are to meet at the gate.
III. is/am/are about to do sth. 即將做某事。例如：
①The talk is about to begin.
四．一般過去將來時：would + 動詞原形
1.表示過去某時之後將出現的情況，通常用於賓語從句中。例如：
①He said that they would meet me at the station.
②She told me that she would come to see me.
2.表示過去習慣性動作（不管什麼人稱都用would）。例如：
①Whenever he had time,Tom would go to see his grandma.
②The old couple would go for a walk after supper.
注意句型：
was/were about to do sth. when……正要做某事,這時……
=was/were on the point of doing sth. when…… （when引導的從句要用一般過去時）例如：
①He was about to go out when the telephone rang.
②I was about to go shopping when it rained.
③She was on the point of having supper when the light went off.
五．現在進行時：is / am / are +現在分詞
1．表示現在正在進行的動作。例如：
①The water is boiling. Shall I make tea?
②The workers are building a new bridge across the river.
2．表現階段正進行的動作。例如：
①He is taking physics this semester.
②We are preparing for our final examination this week.
③Don't you think you eat too much? You're putting on weight.
3．go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc.用於進行時態時表示即將開始的動作。例如：
① Look! The bus is coming.
②The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.
③Alice is leaving for Shanghai with her mother.
4．與 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副詞連用，表示說話人帶有感情色彩：讚賞或厭惡。例如：
①He is always thinking of others.
②The boy is continually making noises.
③The teacher is constantly criticizing her for being late.
六．過去進行時：was /were +現在分詞
1．表示過去某一時刻或階段正在發生的動作。 例如：
①I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.
②When I arrived, they were watching TV.
③They were doing housework this time last week.
2．用於條件狀語從句中表示過去將來進行的動作。例如：
①She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.
②I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.
3．過去某時將發生的事。例如：
①They told me that they were leaving for New York.
②He was going out when I arrived.
七．將來進行時：shall / will be + 現在分詞
1．表示將來某個時刻正在進行的動作。例如：
①What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
②I will be having dinner this time tomorrow.
2．用將來進行時詢問別人的計劃、打算比用一般將來時更顯禮貌。例如：
①Will you be having supper with us this evening?
②Will you be coming to see us tomorrow?
3．將來進行時表示對即將發生的動作的推測。例如：
①She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning.
②The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.
八．現在完成時：have / has +過去分詞
1．表示過去所發生的動作對現在的影響或產生的結果。常與yet，just，before，recently，lately，ever，never等表時間的副詞搭配使用。例如：
①He hasn't seen her lately.
②I haven't finished the book yet.
2．表示一個從過去某個時間開始，延續到現在並可能持續下去的動作，常與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。如：so far（迄今為止），up till now（直到現在），for a long time（很長時間），，in the past / in the last few years（在過去的幾年裡），these days（這些日子）。例如：
①He has worked here for 15 years.
②I have studied English since I came here.
③The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.
④So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.
3．某些非延續性動詞（即：動作開始便終止的動詞），在現在完成時中不能與表示一段時間狀語搭配。
I．常見的非延續動詞：die, arrive，join，leave，go, refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake ，buy，borrow，lend 等。
II．這類動詞並非不能用現在完成時，而是不能接常由for引導的時間狀語。
III．但若是用在否定句中，非延續動詞的現在完成時可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用。例如：
①She has gone away for a month.（誤）
②She has been away for a month （正）
①The man has died for two years.（誤）
②The man has been dead for two years.（正）
①How long have you bought the book?（誤）
②How long have you had the book.（正）
4．幾組對比：
①He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。
②He has been to Shanghai. 他去過上海。
①She has gone.她已走了。
②She is gone.她缺席了。（or她死了。）
①The door has been closed.門關上了。（動作）
②The door is closed.門是關著的。（狀態）
九．過去完成時：had + 過去分詞
1．表示過去某個動作或某個具體時間之前已經發生或完成的動作，即“過去的過去”。例如：
①They had got everything ready before I came.
②The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2．過去完成時常用於 hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than（“一……就”）等固定句型結構中。例如：
①She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
=Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang.
②He had no sooner arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.
=No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.
注意 ：hardly /scarcely/no sooner 在句首時要用部分倒裝。
3．intend（打算），mean（打算），plan（計劃）hope（希望），want（想要）等動詞的過去完成時用來表示“本打算/本計劃/本希望/本想要做而沒有”做的事。例如：
①I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
②They had planned to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because of the bad weather.
十．將來完成時：shall / will have +過去分詞。
表示將來某時之前已經完成的動作。例如：
①They will have been here for 5 years next Friday.
②By the end of this month, he will have finished the book.
十一．現在完成進行時：have / has + been + 現在分詞
1．表示從過去某時開始一直持續到現在的動作，並且還將持續下去。 例如：
①I have been waiting for an hour but she hasn't come.
②He has been running after her for 8 years.
③I have been learning English since six years ago.
2．表示一個從過去開始延續到現在，可以包括現在在內的一個階段內，重複發生的行動，例如：
①She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
3.表某種感情色彩。例如：
①I've been wanting to see you for so many years.
②Who's been telling you such nonsense.
現在完成時與現在完成進行時對比：
現在完成時強調“結果”，而現在完成進行時強調“動作的延續”。 例如：
①I have thought of it.（我已想到了這一點。）
②I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想這一點。）
①Jim has painted the door.（傑姆已將門油漆過了。）
②Jim has been painting the door.（傑姆一直在油漆門。）
注意：表示狀態的動詞不能用於現在完成進行時。例如，我們可以說：I have known him for years.但是不能說：I have been knowing him for years.這類不能用於現在完成進行時的動詞還有：love，like，hate等等。
十二．過去完成進行時：had been + 現在分詞
表示過去某個時間之前一直在進行的動作。例如：
①She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.
②I had been waiting for him before he arrived.
十三．過去將來進行時：would be + 現在分詞
表示從過去某時看將來某個時侯正在進行的動作。例如：
①He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day.
②He said that he would be reading the book all morning tomorrow.
十四．過去將來完成時：would have +過去分詞
表示從過去某個時間看將來某時之前動作已經完成。例如：
①He said that they would have arrived by seven o'clock.
②I thought she would have told you something by then.
十五．將來完成進行時：shall / will have been + 現在分詞
表示某一動作從某時間開始一直延續到將來某一時間，是否繼續下去由上下文決定。例如：
①By the end of next year，we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years.
②We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives.
③It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.
十六. 過去將來完成進行時：would have been + 現在分詞
表示從過去的某一時間開始一直延續到過去將來的某一時間。動作是否繼續進行，由上下文決定。例如：
①He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years.
②She told me that she would have been teaching in that university for 10 years by that summer.
被動語態
一 .被動語態的構成：被動語態由“be動詞+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成，其中be動詞本身沒有意義，但有人稱、單複數以及時態的變化。(不及物動詞沒有被動語態)
常見各種時態對應的被動語態：（以do為例）
二.含有情態動詞的被動語態：
由情態動詞must/can/could/may/might/should/would+be done構成。例如：
①The task must be finished before this weekend.
②He should be punished because he told lies.
③The book may be taken away by someone.
三. 被動語態的用法：
1.不知道誰是動作的執行者，或沒有必要指明誰是動作的執行者,被動語態中的介詞短語by sb.通常省略。例如：
①The streets are swept every day.
②His car has been stolen.
③Rice is grown in many countries.
④This kind of advertisement can be seen everywhere.
2.帶雙賓語的及物動詞變成被動語態有兩種變法，指人的間接賓語用作被動語態的主語更常見。例如：
①He gave her a beautiful gift yesterday.
→A beautiful gift was given to her (by him).或者
→ She was given a beautiful gift (by him).
3.get +過去分詞表被動，表示一種結果或狀態。常見結構有：get killed/cheated/burnt/wounded/paid/hurt/lost/married/caught.例如：
①He got killed in the traffic accident last week.
②Don’t get cheated by her beauty.
③He got caught by the police because he exceeded the speed limit.
4.have sth done以及get sth done（主要用於口語中）常常表示安排別人把事情做好或談論意外的、不好的事情。例如：
①I need to have my hair cut.
②Your watch is broken,you’d better get it repaired.
③If you don’t get out of my house, I will have you arrested .
④We had our money stolen when we were on holiday.
⑤Joe had his leg broken in a fight.
5.have sth to be done表示主動提出請求幫助別人做某事。例如：
①I am going shopping ,do you have anything to be bought?
②I intend to spend my holiday in our hometown,do you have anything to be taken to your parents?
③Do you have anything to be typed,sir?
四．主動形式表被動意義：
1.look，feel，taste，sound，smell，appear，seem，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，keep，grow等系動詞+形容詞或名詞構成系表結構。例如：
①The ice feels cold.
②His plan proved practical.
2.表示開始、結果、運動的動詞，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。例如：
①Work began at 7'clock this morning.
②The shop closes at 6 p.m every day.
3.形容詞easy，hard，fit，nice，dangerous，difficult等後面接動詞不定式，且不定式和句中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關係時，常用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。例如：
①This kind of water is fit to drink.
②The text is easy to understand.
4.某些動詞如read,write,sell,wash,clean,lock,open,dry等在表示主語的某種性質時，常用主動表被動。例如：
①The clothes washes well.
②Your pen writes smoothly.
5.其他的主動表被動的情況。例如：
①The book is worth reading.
②My bike needs/wants/requires repairing.
=My bike needs/wants/requires to be repaired.
③Who is to blame?
高考英語短文改錯及語法填空分析與訓練·時態與語態
考點規律分析:動詞時態考點主要涉及一般現在時與一般過去的區別，其命題方式通常是在一個一般現在時的背景下誤用某個一般過去時；或者反過來，在一個一般過去時的背景下誤用某個一般現在時。從所涉及的動詞來看，主要涉及be 和 have兩個常用動詞。有時也涉及其他時態，如一般將來時，現在完成時等，但很少見。語法填空主要涉及動詞的時態及語態的變化。
時態語態單句改錯之真題訓練：
1. We were driving along a narrow road when the car stop…
2. …and had returned to the car! Bill is standing at the side of the car.
3.Two months ago they were back in America. Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the…
4. Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past.
5. Also, scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases.
6. Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them.
7. If the book you will want is out, you may ask for it to be called back for you.
8.I had always wanted to return to the village after moving away and it is really great to see most of my old friends again.
9. They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing together.
10. I learn about you from my English teacher, Miss Fang.
11. My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team.
12. I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot of time arguing and there was no way of settling the matter except by selling the set.
13. I’d like very much to come but I had an examination on Monday morning. It is a very…
14.I remembered her words and calm down.
15.They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to…
16. He said he is busy.
17. On the way up I was busy taking pictures since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly.
18.But his parents think going to college is more important than playing sports and college was the only place for a smart boy like his son.
19. At once I apologize and controlled myself at my best till the dinner started.
20.Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at once.
21. She stopped to look out of the window and find a cloud of smoke coming out of her neighbor’s house.
22. We were living in a big family. We treat each other as brothers and sisters.
23. I am always young when I was staying with them.
24.Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.
25（2017·全國Ⅰ，73）....but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.
時態語態單句改錯之模擬訓練：
1. Just now Jim tells me his mother was ill.
2. I phone the other students a moment ago.
3. We often played together when we are children.
4.What are you doing when I called you?
5. I see you in the park. You were talking to a pretty girl.
6. She doesn’t hear the doorbell, for she was watching TV.
7.We’ll stay at home playing cards if it will rain tomorrow.
8. Please let me know if you will have any trouble.
9. He hurt his back when he is playing football with his classmates.
10. I’ll write to him when I finished the book.
11. Charles worked hard since leaving school.
12.In fact, I am very thin when I was young.
13. He’s kind to me. Though he is very busy, he still came to see me.
14. How long have you been here? How did you like our city?
15.As is known to us all, the earth turned around the sun.
16.I’m interested in English, so I spoke it better than the others do.
17.Don’t worry about it. I promise you I come to help you.
18. Now everything is dear. Even a small piece of bread cost one yuan.
19.Remember to turn off the lights before you will leave.
20.I forget to tell him the news. Shall we telephone him now?
時態語態單句改錯之提升訓練：
1. He said that he will see you off at the airport the next day.
2. When he will come back， I’ll let you know.
3. He said that he has had the bike for two years.
4. I work on a farm in North China in the 1970s.
5. A new bridge was being built in our city at present.
6. I finished my homework before I left school.
7. I feel regretful now that I don’t study hard when I was in my high school.
8. If I am you, I would do it.
9. She buys a bike yesterday.
10. I come here in two days.
11. I don’t think we met before.
12. He taught here since he came to this town.
13. She said she would call me but I didn’t heard from her so far.
14. I am tired because I had been working all day.
15. Look! Here the bus coming.
16. I meet him in other time.
17. By this time tomorrow we have finished the work.
18. Sometimes I will get up at eight in the morning.
19. We have to cancel the match if it will rain tomorrow.
20. I didn’t seen my best friend for nearly two years.
時態語態單句語法填空之真題訓練：
1.(2016·全國Ⅰ，62)I______________(allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.
2.(2016·全國Ⅱ，43)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ___________(be) often acceptable.
3.(2016·全國Ⅲ，42)Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic.Truly elegant chopsticks might ___________(make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
4.(2016·全國Ⅲ，49)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ____________(be) too violent for use at the table.
5.(2016·北京，21)Jack___________(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
6.(2016·北京，25)I_____________(read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.
7.(2016·北京，30)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will_________ (reward) success in the end.
8.(2016·四川，閱讀D)Night milk quickened the start of sleep and ___________(cause) the mice to sleep longer.
9.(2016·四川，61)The giant panda____________(love) by people throughout the world.
10.(2016·浙江，14)When the time came to make the final decision for a course, I decided to apply for the one that ___________(reflect) my interest.
11.(2017·全國Ⅰ，64)When fat and salt________________(remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something.
參考答案及解析
時態語態單句改錯之真題訓練：
1.stop改為stopped
2. is 改為 was
3.hurry 改為 hurried
4.第二個is 改為 was
5.had 改為 have
6.cost 改為 costs
7. 去掉 will
8.is 改為 was
9. have 改為 had
10.learn 改為learned
11. was 改為 is
12. am 改為 was
13. had 改為have
14.calm改為calmed
15. did 改為 do
16.is改為 was
17.passes 改為 passed
18.was 改為 is
19.apologize改為 apologized
20.talked改為 talk
21. find改為 found
22.treat改為 treated
23.am改為 was
24.using改為used [be used for “被用來做”，為固定短語。]
25.goes改為went
時態語態單句改錯之模擬訓練：
1.tell 改為 told，因句中有表過去的時間狀語just now(剛剛)。
2. phone 改為 phoned，因句中有表過去的時間狀語a moment ago。
3. are 改為 were，因主句謂語為一般過去時。
4. are 改為 were，因從句謂語為一般過去時。
5. see 改為 saw，因下文用了 were talking。
6. doesn’t 改為 didn’t，因下文用了 was watching。
7. 去掉if從句中的 will，因條件狀語從句要用一般現在時表示將來意義。
8. 去掉 will，因條件狀語從句要用一般現在時表示將來意義。
9. is 改為 was，因主句中的hurt為一般過去時。
10. finished 改為finish，或在 finished 前加 have。即在時間狀語從句中要用一般現在時表示將來意義，但這裡也可用現在完成時表示完成。
11. worked 前加has，句中的 since 表示“自從……以來一直……”，即表示從過去持續到現在的一段時間，故用現在完成時。
12. am 改為 was，根據從句中的一般過去時可知 am 應改為 was。
13. came 改為 comes，根據前面的兩處一般現在時可知。
14. did 改為 do，根據前面的現在完成時可知“你”現在還在我們城市，故後面一句問的是“你”現在對我們城市的看法。
15. turned 改為 turns。本句敘述的是客觀真理，故用一般現在時。
16. spoke 改為 speak。全句敘述的是現在的情況。
17. come 前加 will，根據句意，此處應是將來時態。
18. cost 改為 costs，句子講述的是現在的一般情況。
19. 去掉 will，時間狀語從句要用一般現在時表示將來意義。
20. forget 改為 forgot，根據句意，此題的“忘記”應是指過去忘記。
時態語態單句改錯之提升訓練：
1. will改為would。賓語從句要用過去將來時態。
2. will come改為comes。時間狀語從句用一般現在時表將來。
3. has改為had。賓語從句需用過去完成時。
4. work改為worked。此句要用一般過去時態。
5. was 改為is。從at present可知，此句用現在進行時。
6. finish前加had。離開學校是過去時態，在此之前完成就應用過去完成時。
7. don’t改為didn’t。定語從句表示的是過去時態。此句要用一般過去時。
8. am改為were。此句為虛擬語氣，要用過去時。
9.buys改為bought。從yesterday可知，要用一般過去時。
10. come改為will come。從in the two days可知，謂語動詞要用一般將來時。
11. met前加have。Before是表示過去，應用現在完成時態。
12. taught改為has taught。表示過去已經開始持續到現在，而且還可能繼續下去的動作或狀態，應用現在完成時態來表示。
13. didn’t改為haven’t。so far 迄今為止，用於現在完成時態。
14. had改為have。從am 可看出是現在時，其句中給出all day，應用現在完成進行時態。
15. coming改為comes。Here, there放在句首構成倒裝時，其時態只用於一般現在時或一般過去時。
16. meet改為met。in other times從前，所以謂語動詞要用一般過去時態。
17. have 前加shall。強調在將來某時刻為止時完成是某動作，應用將來完成時態。
18.去掉will。Sometimes有時，暗示句子要用一般現在時。
19. will rain改為rains。If引導的條件狀語從句，要用一般現在時表將來。
20. didn’t 改為haven’t 。For nearly two years 暗示謂語動詞要用現在完成時。
時態語態單句語法填空之真題訓練：
1．was allowed [根據語境及allow sb to do sth這一固定句式可知，我應該是被允許接近這些可愛的動物。]
2．is [考查主謂一致和時態。本句的主語為動名詞短語leaving the less...，動名詞作主語謂語要用單數第三人稱形式，且這裡說的是一個客觀事實，故要用is。]
3．be made [考查語態。根據句意筷子是被製造的。]
4．were [考查時態。此處were是與would remind 並列的謂語動詞。]
5．was working [考查時態。句意：傑克正在實驗室裡工作這時突然停電了。此題考查到句型be doing...when...結構。由occurred可知停電是發生在過去的某一具體時刻，故用was working。]
6．have read [考查時態。句意：我已經讀完這本英文小說的一半了，我會爭取在週末讀完。前一分句表示到現在已經完成的動作，與現在有聯繫，故用現在完成時。]
7. be rewarded [考查時態和語態。句意：學生們一直努力學習他們的功課，他們的努力終將得到成功的回報。由句意可知，reward這一動作發生在have been working之後，故用將來時態，reward和efforts之間為被動關係，所以用一般將來時的被動語態。]
8．caused [考查時態，和前面的quickened並列關係。]
9．is loved [全世界的人都喜歡大熊貓。這裡用一般現在時表示現狀，panda與love之間為被動關係。]
10．reflected [考查時態。句意：當最後決定選一門課程時，我決定申請那個反映興趣的課程。主句用的一般過去時，從句也如此。]
11.are removed [考查被動語態。句意：當脂肪和鹽從食物中被去掉。分析可知，fat、salt與remove之間是被動關係，而且是一般現在時]
高考必考語法精講精練
語法專題八：動詞的時態和語態
動詞的時態和語態是高考必考考點。時態（tense）是一種動詞形式，同一動詞的不同變化形式表達不同的時態，英語中有16種時態。《2017年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試大綱》附錄語法項目表中對於時態列了十項：（1）一般現在時（2）一般過去時（3）一般將來時（4）現在進行時（5）過去進行時（6）過去將來時（7）將來進行時（8）現在完成時（9）過去完成時（10）現在完成進行時；此外還列了被動語態，並將其作為單獨一項。
2015年高考全國卷Ⅰ第61題（語法填空）考查了動詞arrive的一般過去時arrived；第71題（短文改錯）考查了think變為過去時thought；第75題（短文改錯）考查了被動語態，刪掉been；第79題（短文改錯）考查了將動詞過去時的found變為現在時的find。
2016年高考全國卷Ⅰ第62題（語法填空）考查了allow的一般過去時的被動語態was allowed；第74題（短文改錯）考查了將過去時had變為現在時的have；77題（短文改錯）考查了將using變為被動used。
2017年高考全國卷Ⅰ第64題（語法填空）考查了remove的一般現在時的被動語態are removed；第74題（短文改錯）考查了將動詞goes變成一般過去時went。
各種時態構成表：（以do為例）
一般時態
進行時態
完成時態
完成進行時態
現 在
do/does
is/am/are doing
has/have done
has/have been doing
過 去
did
was /were doing
had done
had been doing
將 來
shall/will do
shall/will be doing
shall/will have done
shall/will have been doing
過去將來
would do
would be doing
would have done
would have been doing
一、一般現在時：動詞原形或第三人稱單數
1．構成：使用動詞原形，第三人稱單數須有變化。
（1）直接加“s”：work→works，take→takes
（2）以輔音加“y”結尾，變“y”為“i”，再加“es”：carry→carries
（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”結尾的動詞加“es”：go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches，finish→finishes
2．功能：
（1）表現在的事實、狀態或動作。例如：
①I have a dream.
②She loves music.
③Mary's parents get up very early.
（2）表習慣性動作或職業，常與often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，occasionally，frequently，seldom等時間副詞連用。例如：
①I always take a walk after supper.
②She writes to me very often.
③She is an English teacher.
（3）表客觀真理，格言警句或事實。例如：
①The earth moves around the sun.
②The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
③Two and two makes four.
④ No man but errs.
（4）表示將來發生的動作：
A．在由when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，as long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引導的狀語從句中用一般現在時表將來發生的動作。例如：
① I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow.
② Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you.
③Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.
④ I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go.
B．按時間表將要發生的動作或事件，用一般現在時表達將來時概念。例如：
①The play begins at 6:30 this evening.
②When does the plane take off?
③He leaves for that city next week.
④According to the timetable, the train starts at 9 o’clock.
二．一般過去時：動詞的過去式
1．表示過去某個特定時間或某一段時間發生的動作或情況。例如：
①We visited the school last spring.
②I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.
③China was founded in 1949.
2．在表示時間或條件等的狀語從句中代替過去將來時。例如：
①She told me she would’t go with us if it rained the next day.
②They would not leave until she came back.
③His girlfriend promised to marry him once he bought her a big house.
三．一般將來時：shall / will + 動詞原形
1．表示將要發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如：
①He will graduate from the college next year.
②We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.
2．將來時的其它結構。 例如：
I .is/am/are going to do sth.（美國口語中常讀作be gonna）
①I'm going to buy a new car this fall.
②He is going to sell his house.
注意：be going to與will的對比：下列情況須用will
①I will be sixteen years old next year.
②It will be the 20th of August tomorrow.
③When he comes, I will give him your message.
II. is/am/are + to do sth.表示計劃安排做某事或徵求意見。例如：
①Am I to take over his work?
②We are to meet at the gate.
III. is/am/are about to do sth. 即將做某事。例如：
①The talk is about to begin.
四．一般過去將來時：would + 動詞原形
1.表示過去某時之後將出現的情況，通常用於賓語從句中。例如：
①He said that they would meet me at the station.
②She told me that she would come to see me.
2.表示過去習慣性動作（不管什麼人稱都用would）。例如：
①Whenever he had time,Tom would go to see his grandma.
②The old couple would go for a walk after supper.
注意句型：
was/were about to do sth. when……正要做某事,這時……
=was/were on the point of doing sth. when……（when引導的從句要用一般過去時）例如：
①He was about to go out when the telephone rang.
②I was about to go shopping when it rained.
③She was on the point of having supper when the light went off.
五．現在進行時：is / am / are +現在分詞
1．表示現在正在進行的動作。例如：
①The water is boiling. Shall I make tea?
②The workers are building a new bridge across the river.
2．表現階段正進行的動作。例如：
①He is taking physics this semester.
②We are preparing for our final examination this week.
③Don't you think you eat too much? You're putting on weight.
3．go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc.用於進行時態時表示即將開始的動作。例如：
① Look! The bus is coming.
②The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.
③Alice is leaving for Shanghai with her mother.
4．與 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副詞連用，表示說話人帶有感情色彩：讚賞或厭惡。例如：
①He is always thinking of others.
②The boy is continually making noises.
③The teacher is constantly criticizing her for being late.
六．過去進行時：was /were +現在分詞
1．表示過去某一時刻或階段正在發生的動作。 例如：
①I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.
②When I arrived, they were watching TV.
③They were doing housework this time last week.
2．用於條件狀語從句中表示過去將來進行的動作。例如：
①She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.
②I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.
3．過去某時將發生的事。例如：
①They told me that they were leaving for New York.
②He was going out when I arrived.
七．將來進行時：shall / will be + 現在分詞
1．表示將來某個時刻正在進行的動作。例如：
①What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
②I will be having dinner this time tomorrow.
2．用將來進行時詢問別人的計劃、打算比用一般將來時更顯禮貌。例如：
①Will you be having supper with us this evening?
②Will you be coming to see us tomorrow?
3．將來進行時表示對即將發生的動作的推測。例如：
①She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning.
②The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.
八．現在完成時：have / has +過去分詞
1．表示過去所發生的動作對現在的影響或產生的結果。常與yet，just，before，recently，lately，ever，never等表時間的副詞搭配使用。例如：
①He hasn't seen her lately.
②I haven't finished the book yet.
2．表示一個從過去某個時間開始，延續到現在並可能持續下去的動作，常與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。如：so far（迄今為止），up till now（直到現在），for a long time（很長時間），，in the past / in the last few years（在過去的幾年裡），these days（這些日子）。例如：
①He has worked here for 15 years.
②I have studied English since I came here.
③The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.
④So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.
3．某些非延續性動詞（即：動作開始便終止的動詞），在現在完成時中不能與表示一段時間狀語搭配。
I．常見的非延續動詞：die, arrive，join，leave，go, refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake ，buy，borrow，lend 等。
II．這類動詞並非不能用現在完成時，而是不能接常由for引導的時間狀語。
III．但若是用在否定句中，非延續動詞的現在完成時可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用。例如：
①She has gone away for a month.（誤）
②She has been away for a month （正）
①The man has died for two years.（誤）
②The man has been dead for two years.（正）
①How long have you bought the book?（誤）
②How long have you had the book.（正）
4．幾組對比：
①He has gone to Shanghai. 他去上海了。
②He has been to Shanghai. 他去過上海。
①She has gone.她已走了。
②She is gone.她缺席了。（or她死了。）
①The door has been closed.門關上了。（動作）
②The door is closed.門是關著的。（狀態）
九．過去完成時：had + 過去分詞
1．表示過去某個動作或某個具體時間之前已經發生或完成的動作，即“過去的過去”。例如：
①They had got everything ready before I came.
②The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2．過去完成時常用於 hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than（“一……就”）等固定句型結構中。例如：
①She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
=Hardly/Scarcely had she gone to bed when the bell rang.
②He had no sooner arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.
=No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.
注意 ：hardly /scarcely/no sooner 在句首時要用部分倒裝。
3．intend（打算），mean（打算），plan（計劃）hope（希望），want（想要）等動詞的過去完成時用來表示“本打算/本計劃/本希望/本想要做而沒有”做的事。例如：
①I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
②They had planned to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because of the bad weather.
十．將來完成時：shall / will have +過去分詞。
表示將來某時之前已經完成的動作。例如：
①They will have been here for 5 years next Friday.
②By the end of this month, he will have finished the book.
十一．現在完成進行時：have / has + been + 現在分詞
1．表示從過去某時開始一直持續到現在的動作，並且還將持續下去。 例如：
①I have been waiting for an hour but she hasn't come.
②He has been running after her for 8 years.
③I have been learning English since six years ago.
2．表示一個從過去開始延續到現在，可以包括現在在內的一個階段內，重複發生的行動，例如：
①She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
3.表某種感情色彩。例如：
①I've been wanting to see you for so many years.
②Who's been telling you such nonsense.
現在完成時與現在完成進行時對比：
現在完成時強調“結果”，而現在完成進行時強調“動作的延續”。例如：
①I have thought of it.（我已想到了這一點。）
②I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想這一點。）
①Jim has painted the door.（傑姆已將門油漆過了。）
②Jim has been painting the door.（傑姆一直在油漆門。）
注意：表示狀態的動詞不能用於現在完成進行時。例如，我們可以說：I have known him for years.但是不能說：I have been knowing him for years.這類不能用於現在完成進行時的動詞還有：love，like，hate等等。
十二．過去完成進行時：had been + 現在分詞
表示過去某個時間之前一直在進行的動作。例如：
①She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.
②I had been waiting for him before he arrived.
十三．過去將來進行時：would be + 現在分詞
表示從過去某時看將來某個時侯正在進行的動作。例如：
①He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day.
②He said that he would be reading the book all morning tomorrow.
十四．過去將來完成時：would have +過去分詞
表示從過去某個時間看將來某時之前動作已經完成。例如：
①He said that they would have arrived by seven o'clock.
②I thought she would have told you something by then.
十五．將來完成進行時：shall / will have been + 現在分詞
表示某一動作從某時間開始一直延續到將來某一時間，是否繼續下去由上下文決定。例如：
①By the end of next year，we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years.
②We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives.
③It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.
十六. 過去將來完成進行時：would have been + 現在分詞
表示從過去的某一時間開始一直延續到過去將來的某一時間。動作是否繼續進行，由上下文決定。例如：
①He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years.
②She told me that she would have been teaching in that university for 10 years by that summer.
被動語態
一 .被動語態的構成：被動語態由“be動詞+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成，其中be動詞本身沒有意義，但有人稱、單複數以及時態的變化。(不及物動詞沒有被動語態)
常見各種時態對應的被動語態：（以do為例）
一般時態
完成時態
進行時態
完成進行時態
現 在
is /am/are done
has/have been done
is/am/are being done
無
過 去
was/were done
had been done
was /were being done
無
將 來
shall /will be done
shall/will have been done
無
無
過去將來
would be done
would have been done
無
無
二.含有情態動詞的被動語態：
由情態動詞must/can/could/may/might/should/would+be done構成。例如：
①The task must be finished before this weekend.
②He should be punished because he told lies.
③The book may be taken away by someone.
三. 被動語態的用法：
1.不知道誰是動作的執行者，或沒有必要指明誰是動作的執行者,被動語態中的介詞短語by sb.通常省略。例如：
①The streets are swept every day.
②His car has been stolen.
③Rice is grown in many countries.
④This kind of advertisement can be seen everywhere.
2.帶雙賓語的及物動詞變成被動語態有兩種變法，指人的間接賓語用作被動語態的主語更常見。例如：
①He gave her a beautiful gift yesterday.
→A beautiful gift was given to her (by him).或者
→ She was given a beautiful gift (by him).
3.get +過去分詞表被動，表示一種結果或狀態。常見結構有：get killed/cheated/burnt/wounded/paid/hurt/lost/married/caught.例如：
①He got killed in the traffic accident last week.
②Don’t get cheated by her beauty.
③He got caught by the police because he exceeded the speed limit.
4.have sth done以及get sth done（主要用於口語中）常常表示安排別人把事情做好或談論意外的、不好的事情。例如：
①I need to have my hair cut.
②Your watch is broken,you’d better get it repaired.
③If you don’t get out of my house, I will have you arrested .
④We had our money stolen when we were on holiday.
⑤Joe had his leg broken in a fight.
5.have sth to be done表示主動提出請求幫助別人做某事。例如：
①I am going shopping ,do you have anything to be bought?
②I intend to spend my holiday in our hometown,do you have anything to be taken to your parents?
③Do you have anything to be typed,sir?
四．主動形式表被動意義：
1.look，feel，taste，sound，smell，appear，seem，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，keep，grow等系動詞+形容詞或名詞構成系表結構。例如：
①The ice feels cold.
②His plan proved practical.
2.表示開始、結果、運動的動詞，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。例如：
①Work began at 7'clock this morning.
②The shop closes at 6 p.m every day.
3.形容詞easy，hard，fit，nice，dangerous，difficult等後面接動詞不定式，且不定式和句中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關係時，常用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。例如：
①This kind of water is fit to drink.
②The text is easy to understand.
4.某些動詞如read,write,sell,wash,clean,lock,open,dry等在表示主語的某種性質時，常用主動表被動。例如：
①The clothes washes well.
②Your pen writes smoothly.
5.其他的主動表被動的情況。例如：
①The book is worth reading.
②My bike needs/wants/requires repairing.
=My bike needs/wants/requires to be repaired.
③Who is to blame?
高考英語短文改錯及語法填空分析與訓練·時態與語態
考點規律分析:動詞時態考點主要涉及一般現在時與一般過去的區別，其命題方式通常是在一個一般現在時的背景下誤用某個一般過去時；或者反過來，在一個一般過去時的背景下誤用某個一般現在時。從所涉及的動詞來看，主要涉及be 和 have兩個常用動詞。有時也涉及其他時態，如一般將來時，現在完成時等，但很少見。語法填空主要涉及動詞的時態及語態的變化。
時態語態單句改錯之真題訓練：
1. We were driving along a narrow road when the car stop…
2. …and had returned to the car! Bill is standing at the side of the car.
3.Two months ago they were back in America. Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the…
4. Today, it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past.
5. Also, scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases.
6. Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them.
7. If the book you will want is out, you may ask for it to be called back for you.
8.I had always wanted to return to the village after moving away and it is really great to see most of my old friends again.
9. They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing together.
10. I learn about you from my English teacher, Miss Fang.
11. My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team.
12. I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot of time arguing and there was no way of settling the matter except by selling the set.
13. I’d like very much to come but I had an examination on Monday morning. It is a very…
14.I remembered her words and calm down.
15.They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to…
16. He said he is busy.
17. On the way up I was busy taking pictures since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly.
18.But his parents think going to college is more important than playing sports and college was the only place for a smart boy like his son.
19. At once I apologize and controlled myself at my best till the dinner started.
20.Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at once.
21. She stopped to look out of the window and find a cloud of smoke coming out of her neighbor’s house.
22. We were living in a big family. We treat each other as brothers and sisters.
23. I am always young when I was staying with them.
24.Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.
25（2017·全國Ⅰ，73）....but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.
時態語態單句改錯之模擬訓練：
1. Just now Jim tells me his mother was ill.
2. I phone the other students a moment ago.
3. We often played together when we are children.
4.What are you doing when I called you?
5. I see you in the park. You were talking to a pretty girl.
6. She doesn’t hear the doorbell, for she was watching TV.
7.We’ll stay at home playing cards if it will rain tomorrow.
8. Please let me know if you will have any trouble.
9. He hurt his back when he is playing football with his classmates.
10. I’ll write to him when I finished the book.
11. Charles worked hard since leaving school.
12.In fact, I am very thin when I was young.
13. He’s kind to me. Though he is very busy, he still came to see me.
14. How long have you been here? How did you like our city?
15.As is known to us all, the earth turned around the sun.
16.I’m interested in English, so I spoke it better than the others do.
17.Don’t worry about it. I promise you I come to help you.
18. Now everything is dear. Even a small piece of bread cost one yuan.
19.Remember to turn off the lights before you will leave.
20.I forget to tell him the news. Shall we telephone him now?
時態語態單句改錯之提升訓練：
1. He said that he will see you off at the airport the next day.
2. When he will come back， I’ll let you know.
3. He said that he has had the bike for two years.
4. I work on a farm in North China in the 1970s.
5. A new bridge was being built in our city at present.
6. I finished my homework before I left school.
7. I feel regretful now that I don’t study hard when I was in my high school.
8. If I am you, I would do it.
9. She buys a bike yesterday.
10. I come here in two days.
11. I don’t think we met before.
12. He taught here since he came to this town.
13. She said she would call me but I didn’t heard from her so far.
14. I am tired because I had been working all day.
15. Look! Here the bus coming.
16. I meet him in other time.
17. By this time tomorrow we have finished the work.
18. Sometimes I will get up at eight in the morning.
19. We have to cancel the match if it will rain tomorrow.
20. I didn’t seen my best friend for nearly two years.
時態語態單句語法填空之真題訓練：
1.(2016·全國Ⅰ，62)I______________(allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.
2.(2016·全國Ⅱ，43)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ___________(be) often acceptable.
3.(2016·全國Ⅲ，42)Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic.Truly elegant chopsticks might ___________(make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
4.(2016·全國Ⅲ，49)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ____________(be) too violent for use at the table.
5.(2016·北京，21)Jack___________(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
6.(2016·北京，25)I_____________(read) half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.
7.(2016·北京，30)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will_________ (reward) success in the end.
8.(2016·四川，閱讀D)Night milk quickened the start of sleep and ___________(cause) the mice to sleep longer.
9.(2016·四川，61)The giant panda____________(love) by people throughout the world.
10.(2016·浙江，14)When the time came to make the final decision for a course, I decided to apply for the one that ___________(reflect) my interest.
11.(2017·全國Ⅰ，64)When fat and salt________________(remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something.
學習札記：
參考答案及解析
時態語態單句改錯之真題訓練：
1.stop改為stopped
2. is 改為 was
3.hurry 改為 hurried
4.第二個is 改為 was
5.had 改為 have
6.cost 改為 costs
7. 去掉 will
8.is 改為 was
9. have 改為 had
10.learn 改為learned
11. was 改為 is
12. am 改為 was
13. had 改為have
14.calm改為calmed
15. did 改為 do
16.is改為 was
17.passes 改為 passed
18.was 改為 is
19.apologize改為 apologized
20.talked改為 talk
21. find改為 found
22.treat改為 treated
23.am改為 was
24.using改為used [be used for “被用來做”，為固定短語。]
25.goes改為went
時態語態單句改錯之模擬訓練：
1.tell 改為 told，因句中有表過去的時間狀語just now(剛剛)。
2. phone 改為 phoned，因句中有表過去的時間狀語a moment ago。
3. are 改為 were，因主句謂語為一般過去時。
4. are 改為 were，因從句謂語為一般過去時。
5. see 改為 saw，因下文用了 were talking。
6. doesn’t 改為 didn’t，因下文用了 was watching。
7. 去掉if從句中的 will，因條件狀語從句要用一般現在時表示將來意義。
8. 去掉 will，因條件狀語從句要用一般現在時表示將來意義。
9. is 改為 was，因主句中的hurt為一般過去時。
10. finished 改為finish，或在 finished 前加 have。即在時間狀語從句中要用一般現在時表示將來意義，但這裡也可用現在完成時表示完成。
11. worked 前加has，句中的 since 表示“自從……以來一直……”，即表示從過去持續到現在的一段時間，故用現在完成時。
12. am 改為 was，根據從句中的一般過去時可知 am 應改為 was。
13. came 改為 comes，根據前面的兩處一般現在時可知。
14. did 改為 do，根據前面的現在完成時可知“你”現在還在我們城市，故後面一句問的是“你”現在對我們城市的看法。
15. turned 改為 turns。本句敘述的是客觀真理，故用一般現在時。
16. spoke 改為 speak。全句敘述的是現在的情況。
17. come 前加 will，根據句意，此處應是將來時態。
18. cost 改為 costs，句子講述的是現在的一般情況。
19. 去掉 will，時間狀語從句要用一般現在時表示將來意義。
20. forget 改為 forgot，根據句意，此題的“忘記”應是指過去忘記。
時態語態單句改錯之提升訓練：
1. will改為would。賓語從句要用過去將來時態。
2. will come改為comes。時間狀語從句用一般現在時表將來。
3. has改為had。賓語從句需用過去完成時。
4. work改為worked。此句要用一般過去時態。
5. was 改為is。從at present可知，此句用現在進行時。
6. finish前加had。離開學校是過去時態，在此之前完成就應用過去完成時。
7. don’t改為didn’t。定語從句表示的是過去時態。此句要用一般過去時。
8. am改為were。此句為虛擬語氣，要用過去時。
9.buys改為bought。從yesterday可知，要用一般過去時。
10. come改為will come。從in the two days可知，謂語動詞要用一般將來時。
11. met前加have。Before是表示過去，應用現在完成時態。
12. taught改為has taught。表示過去已經開始持續到現在，而且還可能繼續下去的動作或狀態，應用現在完成時態來表示。
13. didn’t改為haven’t。so far 迄今為止，用於現在完成時態。
14. had改為have。從am 可看出是現在時，其句中給出all day，應用現在完成進行時態。
15. coming改為comes。Here, there放在句首構成倒裝時，其時態只用於一般現在時或一般過去時。
16. meet改為met。in other times從前，所以謂語動詞要用一般過去時態。
17. have 前加shall。強調在將來某時刻為止時完成是某動作，應用將來完成時態。
18.去掉will。Sometimes有時，暗示句子要用一般現在時。
19. will rain改為rains。If引導的條件狀語從句，要用一般現在時表將來。
20. didn’t 改為haven’t 。For nearly two years 暗示謂語動詞要用現在完成時。
時態語態單句語法填空之真題訓練：
1．was allowed [根據語境及allow sb to do sth這一固定句式可知，我應該是被允許接近這些可愛的動物。]
2．is [考查主謂一致和時態。本句的主語為動名詞短語leaving the less...，動名詞作主語謂語要用單數第三人稱形式，且這裡說的是一個客觀事實，故要用is。]
3．be made [考查語態。根據句意筷子是被製造的。]
4．were [考查時態。此處were是與would remind 並列的謂語動詞。]
5．was working [考查時態。句意：傑克正在實驗室裡工作這時突然停電了。此題考查到句型be doing...when...結構。由occurred可知停電是發生在過去的某一具體時刻，故用was working。]
6．have read [考查時態。句意：我已經讀完這本英文小說的一半了，我會爭取在週末讀完。前一分句表示到現在已經完成的動作，與現在有聯繫，故用現在完成時。]
7. be rewarded [考查時態和語態。句意：學生們一直努力學習他們的功課，他們的努力終將得到成功的回報。由句意可知，reward這一動作發生在have been working之後，故用將來時態，reward和efforts之間為被動關係，所以用一般將來時的被動語態。]
8．caused [考查時態，和前面的quickened並列關係。]
9．is loved [全世界的人都喜歡大熊貓。這裡用一般現在時表示現狀，panda與love之間為被動關係。]
10．reflected [考查時態。句意：當最後決定選一門課程時，我決定申請那個反映興趣的課程。主句用的一般過去時，從句也如此。]
11.are removed [考查被動語態。句意：當脂肪和鹽從食物中被去掉。分析可知，fat、salt與remove之間是被動關係，而且是一般現在時]
