大凡英語學習者,都會覺得單詞難記。因此很多英語學習先行者總結出不少行之有效的記憶單詞方法,其中一種方法就是利用構詞法記單詞。利用構詞法記單詞確實是一種很有效的方法,符合英語詞彙的構成規律。常見的構詞法有三種,其中一種叫派生法。所謂派生法,就是在詞的前面加上前綴或在詞的後面加上後綴構成另一個詞的方法。本文針對初中所學的前綴後綴,進行歸類,來個大彙總,方便初中生尤其是即將參加中考的學子們記憶,並且通過例句講解,幫助大家掌握這些詞的用法。這是本文區別於其它很多同類文章所不同的地方,嚴格從考綱出發,所列舉的詞100%是初中所學,是中考考綱所要求掌握的,希望我的付出可以幫到更多的同學。
一、前綴的作用及所學的前綴
前綴用在詞根前面以改變詞的意義,一般不改變詞性。初中所學的前綴有:
一)否定前綴
1. un- :unhappy,unusual,unfair,unlike,unfriendly,uncomfortable,uncrowded,uneasy,unexpected,unlucky,unbelievable,unable,unforgettable。
2. im-:impolite,impossible。
3. in-:inexpensive,incorrect,informal。
4. dis-:dislike,disappointed,discover,discourage,dishonest,disappear,disbelief,disadvantage,disabled。
5. ir-:irregular。
二)其它前綴
1. re-(表示再,又):review,recycle,return,reuse,reusable,research。
2. inter-(表示在。。。。。。之間,相互):interview,internet,international。
3. under-(表示低於):underwear,underground。
4. bi-(表示兩):bicycle。
如I don’t feel happy也可以說成I feel unhappy。上面的unlike是介詞,而dislike是動詞,在使用時必須引起注意。另外,含有否定前綴的詞用在反義疑問句中,後面簡短的一般疑問句照樣要用否定的,如:
1. That’s impossible,isn’t it?
2. He feels unlucky,doesn’t he?
二、後綴的作用及所學的後綴
後綴用在詞根後面以改變詞性。初中所學的後綴有:
一)動詞變成名詞
在一個動詞後面加上某一個後綴,使之變為名詞。
1).動詞+er/or/ist/ress變成名詞(表示動作的執行者)
A.teach-teacher,work-worker,read-reader,think-thinker,perform-performer,wait-waiter,sing-singer,play-player,cook-cooker,record-recorder,keep-keeper,listen-listener,farm-farmer,climb-climber,lead-leader,speak-speaker,report-reporter,clean-cleaner,help-helper。
B.write-writer,drive-driver,dance-dancer,ride-rider,rule-ruler,manage-manager,make-maker。
C.run-runner,win-winner,travel-travel(l)er。
D.visit-visitor,act-actor,invent-inventor,compete-competitor,translate-translator,direct-director。
E.tour-tourist。
F.wait-waitress,act-actress。
2).動詞+tion變成名詞
act-action,suggest-suggestion,communicate-communication,invite-invitation,pollute-pollution,compete-competition,predict-prediction,invent-invention,prepare-preparation,protect-protection,celebrate-celebration,direct-direction,educate-education,examine-examination,inspire-inspiration,introduce-introduction,produce-production,graduate-graduation,pronounce-pronunciation。
3) .動詞+ing變成名詞
draw-drawing,paint-painting,build-building,say-saying,cross-crossing,happen-happening,end-ending,mean-meaning,feel-feeling,begin-beginning,open-opening。
4) .動詞+ment變成名詞
agree-agreement,disagree-disagreement,develop-development,improve-improvement,encourage-encouragement,punish-punishment,achieve-achievement,manage-management。
5).動詞+ance變成名詞
appear-appearance,disappear-disappearance。
6).動詞+sion變成名詞
express-expression,discuss-discussion,decide-decision。
在句子中,如果作主語、賓語、表語,就要把動詞改為名詞。我們來看看,
用括號內所給詞的適當形式填空:
1. He is a basketball_______(play).
2. Thank you for your_________(invite).
3. The teacher is pleased with his ________(improve)in English.
二)名詞變成形容詞
在一個名詞後面加上某一個後綴,使之變為形容詞。
1).名詞+ful變成形容詞
thank-thankful,help-helpful,care-careful,use-useful,hope-hopeful,beauty-beautiful,wonder-wonderful,pain-painful,harm-harmful,success-successful,truth-truthful。
2).名詞+less變成形容詞
help-helpless,hope-hopeless,use-useless,care-careless,harm-harmless。
3).名詞+y變成形容詞
rain-rainy,wind-windy,snow-snowy,sun-sunny,fog-foggy,ice-icy,health-healthy,luck-lucky,noise-noisy,sleep-sleepy,thirst-thirsty,hunger-hungry。
4).名詞+ly變成形容詞
week-weekly,love-lovely,friend-friendly,live-lively。
5).名詞+al變成形容詞
person-personal,music-musical,tradition-traditional,center-central,nature-natural,culture-cultural,digit-digital,accident-accidental,education-educational,profession-professional,nation-national,medicine-medical,environment-environmental。
6).名詞+ous變成形容詞
danger-dangerous,humor-humorous,fame-famous,mystery-mysterious。
7).名詞+ern變成形容詞
east-eastern,west-western,south-southern,north-northern,southeast-southeastern。
8).名詞+en變成形容詞
wood-wooden,wool-woolen,gold-golden。
9).名詞+ish變成形容詞
fool-foolish,self-selfish。
10).名詞以ce結尾,把ce改為t變成形容詞
silence-silent,patience-patient,confidence-confident,importance-important,convenience-convenient。
在句子中,如果作表語、定語或賓補時,很可能要把名詞變成形容詞。大家再看:
1. Look after yourself and keep_______(health).
2. They are talking about_____(healthy)problem.
3. You should eat______(health)food.
4. Playing basketball keeps me_____(health).
5. We should do more sport and eat______(health).
三)動詞變成形容詞
動詞的現在分詞、過去分詞可作形容詞,或在動詞後加上某些後綴也可變成形容詞。
1) .動詞+ing(即現在分詞)變成形容詞
move-moving,care-caring,understand-understanding,burn-burning,freeze-freezing,fascinate-fascinating,embarrass-embarrassing,surprise-surprising,bore-boring,tire-tiring,excite-exciting,interest-interesting,disappoint-disappointing,frighten-frightening,boil-boiling,fall-falling,miss-missing。
2).動詞+ed(即過去分詞)變成形容詞
move-moved,burn-burned(或burnt),freeze-frozen,embarrass-embarrassed,disappoint-disappointed,
surprise-surprised,bore-bored,tire-tired,worry-worried,excite-excited,interest-interested,frighten-frightened,boil-boiled,fall-fallen,break-broken,lose-lost,injure-injured,marry-married。
3).動詞+able變成形容詞
understand-understandable,forget-forgettable,enjoy-enjoyable,comfort-comfortable,value-valuable,believe-believable。
動詞和形容詞在句子中的作用決然不同,在使用時要很好根據實際情況作出變化,當然也要很好區分現在分詞與過去分詞所作的形容詞,現在分詞表示主動或正在進行,多數形容事物;過去分詞表示被動或已經完成,多數形容人。如;
1. I am___(bore)with the____(bore)job.
2. He found the news______(excite).
3. Only when something is lost do we find it______(value).
四)形容詞變成副詞
除了一些形容詞、副詞同形的詞如early/late/fast/high/far/hard等以外,大多數形容詞後面加上ly變成副詞,不過有些要作改變,注意不同的變化情況。
1).careful-carefully,real-really,wide-widely,wise-wisely,polite-politely,loud-loudly,gradual-gradually,general-generally,most-mostly,cheap-cheaply,special-specially,certain-certainly,sudden-suddenly,recent-recently,different-differently,complete-completely,beautiful-beautifully,total-totally,slow-slowly,quick-quickly。
2).happy-happily,easy-easily,heavy-heavily,angry-angrily,lucky-luckily,healthy-healthily,noisy-noisily。
3).simple-simply,gentle-gently,possible-possibly,probable-probably,comfortable-comfortably,terrible-terribly。
4).true-truly。
形容詞作表語、定語、賓補,而副詞作狀語。試對比:
1. That thing made(使) me happy.(形容詞作賓補)
2. They are making(製作) cards happily.(副詞作狀語)
3. We live a happy life.(形容詞作定語)
4. She seems very happy.(形容詞作表語)
五)形容詞變成名詞
形容詞後面加上後綴ness/th/ity等可變回名詞。
1) .good-goodness,kind-kindness,ill-illness,sick-sickness,sad-sadness,shy-shyness,fair-fairness,busy-business,careful-carefulness,careless-carelessness。
2) .warm-warmth,long-length,wide-width,true-truth,young-youth。
3) .able-ability,active-activity,creative-creativity,popular-popularity。
形容詞和名詞作用不同,在使用時要多加註意。我們來看這兩道選擇題:
1.This time he failed the exam because of his_____.
A. care B.carefulness C. careless D. carelessness
2.She helped to look after a/an____man.
A.ill B. sick C. illness D.sickness
以上對現行初中課本(人教版)所出現的前綴後綴進行了總結,並對其用法進行了很好的剖析,對初中生的英語學習應該有一定的幫助。
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