九、連接代詞
連接代詞包括 who， whom, whose， what， which， that。其中除 what 外，其他連接代詞也可作關係代詞，其區別在於連接代詞引導的是主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句等名詞性從句，而關係代詞引導的是定語從句。
(一)引導主語從句
例句：That the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.
分析：該句是複合句，that the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system 在句中充當主語。
譯文：太陽是我們行星系的中心(而不是地球)這一概念在中世紀是很難讓人明白的。
例句：It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (2009 年第 46 題)
分析：該句是由轉折連詞 but 連接的並列句，其中第一個分句中 it 作形式主語，真正的主語是that the measure of the worth...，of any social institution是worth的後置定語，in enlarging and improving experience 是 its effect 的後置定語。
譯文：或許可以說，要衡量任何一種社會制度的價值就要看它在豐富和提升人們經驗方面的影響，但是這種影響並不是其最初動機的一部分。
(二)引導賓語從句
例句：He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully”. (2008 年第 49 題)
分析：該句是複合句，that 引導的賓語從句結構是 he was superior to..., 其中包含了由 which引導的定語從句，in noticing things 與in observing them carefully是並列結構。
譯文：他又自謙地說，或許自己“在注意到容易被忽略的事物，並對其加以仔細觀察方面優於常人”。
例句：I apologize if I had offended you, but I assure you it was unintentional. (1998 年第 3 題)
分析：該句是並列複合句，其中短語 assure sb. that...意為“向某人保證某事”。
譯文：如果我冒犯了你，我向你道歉，但我保證那不是故意的。
(三)引導表語從句
例句：One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. (選自 2011 年 Text 1)
分析：該句是複合句。其中，why the appointment came as such a surprise 是一個定語從句，修飾 reasons，however 作插入語，介詞短語 as such a surprise 作狀語，修飾 came;主句的主幹部分是 One of the reasons is that Gilbert is comparatively little known。
譯文：然而，該任命顯得如此突然的原因之一就是吉爾伯特比較不為人知。
例句：The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. (選自 2006 年 Text3)
分析：該句是複合句，that people have failed to...changes 是一個表語從句，which have happened in the ocean 作 changes 的定語，because 後引導一個原因狀語從句。
譯文：這個概念是說人們沒有注意到發生在海洋裡的巨大變化，因為人們只是回顧了過去很短一段時間。
(四)同位語從句(通常由 that 引導，也可由 whether，what，when，where，
why，how 引導，進一步說明其前名詞的具體內容和含義)
例句：Allen's contribution was to take an assumption we all share — that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts — and reveal its erroneous nature. (2011 年第 46 題)
分析：該句是複合句，主幹部分是 Allen s contribution was to take an
assumption and reveal its erroneous nature。其中 we all share 是一個定語從句，修飾 assumption;that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts 是一個同位語從句，與 assumption 為同位語關係。
譯文：愛倫的貢獻在於他提出了一個公認的假設並揭示了其錯誤本質，即“我們不是機器人，因此我們能控制自己的思想”。
例句：But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. (2007 年第 48 題)
分析：該句是複合句，其中主幹結構為 the idea...rests on an understanding...，that the journalist must...an ordinary citizen 是 the idea 的同位語從句。
譯文：新聞記者應該比普通公民更加透徹地瞭解法律，但這種看法是基於他們對新聞媒體業已確立的規約和特殊責任的理解。
(五)whatever, who(m)ever, whichever
連接代詞 what+ever 指不定數目中無論什麼，用於物;who(m)+ever 指不定數目中無淪是誰，用於人;which+ever 指確定數目中無論哪一個，用於人或物。
例句： Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. (選自2008 年 Part B)
分析：該句是複合句，主幹部分是 you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out...，whatever outline you have made 作 flesh out(使充實、具體化)的賓語，從句中 develop...into 意思是“發展成;變成”。前半部分是 now that 引導的讓步狀語從句。
譯文：既然你已經將一個主題拓展成了一個初步的論題，那麼你就可以整合筆記內容，豐富自己擬定的提綱。
例句：Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage — spying as a “profession”. (選自 2003 年 Text 1)
分析：該句是複合句，whatever tools came to...作 using 的賓語，破折號後的內容是對 espionage 的解釋說明。
譯文：多諾萬認為在職業間諜活動這一“偉大事業”中可以利用任何有用的工具。
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