讀宋詞時，你可曾被一個個絕美的詞牌所打動？你知道“菩薩蠻”是什麼意思？“虞美人”又是何人？“雨霖鈴”為何如此悽婉？“踏莎行”到底該怎麼念？
阿研就帶大家一起了解一下詞牌的含義以及宋詞的英譯之美。
詞牌，也稱為詞格，是填詞用的曲調名，它規定了詞的格式。詞最初是伴曲而唱的，曲子都有一定的旋律、節奏，而這些旋律、節奏的總和就是詞調。因此詞牌在英語中對應的單詞是tune（曲調，曲子）。
詞牌名或來自於民間的曲調，或摘取詞中字句，多達上千個。雖然我們常見的詞牌名多為三字，但其長短從兩字到七字（如“鳳凰臺上憶吹簫”）不等。
這裡，阿研選取了十個絕美的詞牌，與大家分享它們背後的故事，並附上其詞中名篇。
浣溪沙
浣溪沙，原為唐教坊曲名，因春秋時越國美女西施浣紗而得名。“浣”指洗滌、漂洗；“沙”古通“紗”。
浣溪沙正體雙調四十二字，上片三句三平韻，下片三句兩平韻。此調音節明快，句式整齊，易於上口，為婉約派與豪放派多數詞人所常用。英文被譯作“Silk-Washing Stream”。
浣溪沙
[宋]秦觀
漠漠輕寒上小樓，
曉陰無賴似窮秋。
淡煙流水畫屏幽。
自在飛花輕似夢，
無邊絲雨細如愁。
寶簾閒掛小銀鉤。
Silk-Washing Stream
In light pervading cold I mount the little tower,
What can I do with an autumn-like vernal hour?
I see on painted screen but mist-veiled running stream.
The carefree failing petals fly as light as dream;
The boundless drizzling rain resembles a tearful look.
The broidered curtain hangs idly on silver hook.
（許淵衝譯）
vernal 青春的;溫柔的;春季的
petal 花瓣
hook 鉤，鐵鉤;
如夢令
如夢令，又名“憶仙姿”，是五代後唐莊宗李存勖的自度曲，因嫌其名不雅，遂取尾句“如夢，如夢，殘月落花煙重”中的“如夢”改名為“如夢令”。
如夢令單調三十三字，七句五仄一疊韻。此調一般用以抒情，自蘇軾用以遊戲和表曠達之情後，亦有用以言志與寫景者。英文被譯作“Like a Dream”。
如夢令
[宋]李清照
昨夜雨疏風驟，濃睡不消殘酒。
試問卷簾人，卻道海棠依舊。
知否，知否？應是綠肥紅瘦。
Like A Dream
Last night the wind was strong and rain was fine,
Sound sleep did not dispel the taste of wine.
l ask the maid who’s rolling up the screen.
“The same crad-apple tree,”she says, “is seen.”
“But don’t you know,
Oh, don’t you know,
The red should languish and the green must grow.”
（許淵衝譯）
dispel 驅逐;消除
languish 憔悴;惹人憐愛的感傷模樣[倦態等]
江城子
江城子，又名“村意遠”、“江神子”、“水晶簾”，源自於唐著詞（唐代的酒令）。晚唐，“江城子”在酒筵上流行，經過文人的加工，就成為一首小令的詞調。起初為單調，至北宋蘇東坡時變為雙調。英譯為“A Riverside Town”（許淵衝版本）。
江城子·乙卯正月二十日夜記夢
[宋]蘇軾
十年生死兩茫茫。不思量。自難忘。千里孤墳，無處話淒涼。縱使相逢應不識，塵滿面，鬢如霜。
夜來幽夢忽還鄉。小軒窗。正梳妝。相顧無言，惟有淚千行。料得年年腸斷處，明月夜，短松岡。
A Dream
to the Tune of Jiangchengzi
Ten years have we been parted:
The living and the dead——
Hearing no news,
Not thinking
And yet forgetting nothing!
I cannot come to your grave a thousand miles away
To converse with you and whisper my longing;
And even if we did meet
How would you greet
My weathered face, my hair a frosty white?
Last night
I dreamed I had suddenly returned to our old home
And saw you sitting there before the familiar dressing table,
We looked at each other in silence,
With misty eyes beneath the candle light.
May we year after year
In heartbreak meet,
On the pine-crest,
In the moonlight!
（林語堂譯，摘自《蘇東坡傳》）
longing 渴望，熱望
weathered 風化的
念奴嬌
“念奴”是唐朝天寶年間的著名歌女，深受玄宗讚譽，稱其“每執行當席，聲出朝霞之上，邠二十五郎吹管也蓋不過其歌喉”，又說“此女妖麗，眼色媚人”，使之豔名遠播。蘇軾《念奴嬌·赤壁懷古》流傳千古，首句“大江東去”，末句“一樽還酹江月”，故“念奴嬌”又名“大江東去”或“酹江月”。
此調以蘇軾《念奴嬌·中秋》為正體，雙調一百字，前片四十九字，後片五十一字，各十句四仄韻。許淵衝將其英譯為“Charm of a Maiden Singer”。
念奴嬌·赤壁懷古
[宋]蘇軾
大江東去，浪淘盡，千古風流人物。
故壘西邊，人道是，三國周郎赤壁。
亂石穿空，驚濤拍岸，捲起千堆雪。
江山如畫，一時多少豪傑。
遙想公瑾當年，小喬初嫁了，雄姿英發。
羽扇綸巾，談笑間，檣櫓灰飛煙滅。
故國神遊，多情應笑我，早生華髮。
Charm of a Maiden Singer
Memories of the Past at Red Cliff
The endless river eastward flows;
With its huge waves are gone all those
Gallant heroes of bygone years.
West of the ancient fortress appears
Red Cliff where General Zhou Yu won his early fame
When the Three Kingdoms were in flame.
Jugged rocks tower in the air
And swashing waves beat on the shore,
Rolling up a thousand heaps of snow.
To match the hills and the river so fair,
How many heroes brave of yore
Made a great show!
I fancy General Zhou Yu at the height
Of his success, with a plume fan in hand,
In a silk hood, so brave and bright,
Laughing and jesting with his bride so fair,
While enemy ships were destroyed as planned
Like castles in the air.
Should their souls revisit this land,
Sentimental, his bride would laugh to say:
Younger than they, I have my hair turned grey.
Life is like a passing dream.
O Moon, I drink to you who saw them on the stream.
（許淵衝譯）
gallant 勇敢的;壯麗的
fortress 堡壘，要塞
Jugged 鋸齒形的
yore 往昔，昔時
plume 羽毛
fan 扇子
hood 兜帽;頭巾
jest 玩笑;戲謔
sentimental 多愁善感的
虞美人
虞美人，唐代教坊曲，始詞見於敦煌曲子詞。關於“虞美人”名稱的來源有多種說法，流傳最廣的便是源自秦末虞姬，即項羽之姬妾，常隨侍軍中。漢兵圍項羽於垓下，羽夜起飲帳中，悲歌慷慨；虞姬以歌和之，拔劍自刎。
此調以李煜詞為正體，雙調五十六字，前後段各四句，兩仄韻、兩平韻。英譯通常為“The Beautiful Lady Yu”。
虞美人
[唐]李煜
春花秋月何時了？往事知多少。小樓昨夜又東風，故國不堪回首月明中。
雕欄玉砌應猶在，只是朱顏改。問君能有幾多愁？恰似一江春水向東流。
To the Tune of Yu Mei Ren
There is no end to moonlit autumns or flowery springs,
And I have known so very many things.
From my turret the wind was in the east again last night.
A lost land was too much to bear:
I turned from the moonlight.
The cavern rail and jade work wall are as they were before:
Those rosy cheeks alone are there no more.
Tell me, what is the uttermost extent of pain, you say?
Mine is a river swollen in spring and welling east away.
（楊憲益、戴乃迭譯）
turret 塔樓，角樓
rail 圍欄
rosy 玫瑰色的
uttermost 極端，最大限度
沁園春
“沁園”，本是東漢明帝劉莊第五個女兒沁水公主的田園，簡稱“沁園”。傳說她是一位冷麵美人，性格雅靜、賢寂、善良、文弱，沁園作為公主的陪嫁被建成，後來用於指代公主之園。
此調以蘇軾詞《沁園春·孤館燈青》為正體，雙調一百十四字，前段十三句四平韻，後段十二句五平韻。其英譯為“Spring in a Pleasure Garden”。
沁園春·雪
[當代]毛澤東
北國風光，千里冰封，萬里雪飄。
望長城內外，惟餘莽莽；大河上下，頓失滔滔。
山舞銀蛇，原馳蠟象，欲與天公試比高。
須晴日，看紅裝素裹，分外妖嬈。
江山如此多嬌，引無數英雄競折腰。
惜秦皇漢武，略輸文采；唐宗宋祖，稍遜風騷。
一代天驕，成吉思汗，只識彎弓射大雕。
俱往矣，數風流人物，還看今朝。
Spring in a Pleasure Garden
See what the northern countries show:
Hundreds of leagues ice-bound go;
Thousands of leagues flies snow.
Behold! Within and without the Great wall
The boundless land is clad in white,
And up and down the Yellow River, all
The endless waves are lost to sight.
Mountains like silver serpents dancing,
Highlands like waxy elephants advancing,
All try to match the sky in height.
Wait till the day is fine
And see the fair bask in sparkling sunshine,
What an enchanting sight!
Our motherland so rich in beauty
Has made countless heroes vie to pay
But alas! Qin Huang and Han Wu
In culture not well bred,
And Tang Zong and Song Zu
In letters not wide read.
And Genghis Khan, proud son of Heaven for a day
Knew only shooting eagles by bending his bows.
They have all passed away;
Brilliant heroes are those
Whom we will see today!
（許淵衝譯）
clad 覆蓋的
serpent 蛇;狡猾的人
waxy 像蠟的;蠟色的
vie 競爭
雨霖鈴
唐段安節《樂府雜錄》雲：“《雨霖鈴》者，因唐明皇駕回至駱谷，聞雨淋鑾鈴，因令張野狐撰為曲名。”安史之亂後，唐玄宗在奔蜀途中處死了楊貴妃。於棧道雨中，聞鈴音與山相應，上既悼念貴妃，採其聲為《雨霖鈴》曲，以寄恨焉。
雨霖鈴，原唐教坊曲，後用作詞調，始見於宋柳永《樂章集》。以柳永《雨霖鈴·寒蟬悽切》為正體，雙調一百三字，前段十句五仄韻，後段九句五仄韻。英文譯作“Bells Ringing in the Rain”。
雨霖鈴
[宋]柳永
寒蟬悽切，對長亭晚，驟雨初歇。
都門帳飲無緒，留戀處，蘭舟催發。
執手相看淚眼，竟無語凝噎。
念去去，千里煙波，暮靄沉沉楚天闊。
多情自古傷離別，更那堪冷落清秋節！
今宵酒醒何處？楊柳岸，曉風殘月。
此去經年，應是良辰好景虛設。
便縱有千種風情，更與何人說？
Bells Ringing in the Rain
Cicadas chill
And drearily shrill ,
We stand face to face at an evening hour
Before the pavilion, after a sudden shower.
At the city gate
Where we’re lingering late,
But the boat is waiting for me to depart.
Hand in hand, we gaze at each other’s tearful eyes
And burst into sobs with words congealed on our lips.
I’ll go my way
Far, far away
On miles and miles of misty waves where sail the ships,
Evening clouds hang low in boundless Southern skies.
Parting lovers would grieve as of old.
How could I stand this clear autumn day so cold!
Where shall I be found at day’s early break
From wine awake?
Moored by a riverbank planted with willow trees
Beneath the waning moon and in the morning breeze.
I’ll be gone for a year.
In vain would good times and fine scenes appear!
However gallant I am on my part,
To whom can I lay bare my heart?
（許淵衝譯）
cicada 蟬
drearily 沉寂地，厭倦地
congeal 使凝結，凍結
moored 停泊
菩薩蠻
菩薩蠻，本唐教坊曲。唐蘇鶚《杜陽雜編》雲：“大中初，女蠻國入貢，危髻金冠，纓絡被體，號菩薩隊。當時倡優遂制《菩薩蠻》曲，文士亦往往聲其詞。”此曲來自女蠻國（唐朝時的小國之一），國人危髻金冠，纓絡被體，故謂之菩薩蠻。
此調為雙調小令，以五七言組成，四十四字。用韻兩句一換，凡四易韻，平仄遞轉，以繁音促節表現深沉而起伏的情感，歷來名作極多。許淵衝將其譯為“Buddhist Dancers”。
菩薩蠻
[唐]李白
平林漠漠煙如織，寒山一帶傷心碧。暝色入高樓，有人樓上愁。
玉階空佇立，宿鳥歸飛急。何處是歸程，長亭更短亭。
Pu Sa Man
A flat-top forest stretches far in embroidered mist;
A cluster of mountains cool is tinged with heartbreak blue.
The mansion in creeping dusk is clad,
Someone up there is sad.
On marble steps I stand forlorn
Birds fly hurriedly by back to roost.
Where, pray, is the way home?
Along a string of wayside pavilions I roam.
（龔景浩譯）
forlorn 渺茫的;絕望的;孤立無助的
roam 漫遊;漫步
鵲橋仙
鵲橋仙源自古時關於牛郎織女“鵲橋相會”的神話，漢末應劭《風俗通》中已有記載：“織女七夕渡河，使鵲為橋。”自“迢迢牽牛星，皎皎河漢女”以來，歷代詩人以詠牛郎織女相會事數千篇，故逐漸演變為曲名。
此調以歐陽修《鵲橋仙·月波清霽》為正體，雙調五十六字，前後段各五句、兩仄韻。英譯為“Immortals at the Magpie Bridge”。
鵲橋仙
[宋]秦觀
纖雲弄巧，飛星傳恨，銀漢迢迢暗度。
金風玉露一相逢，便勝卻、人間無數。
柔情似水，佳期如夢，忍顧鵲橋歸路。
兩情若是久長時，又豈在、朝朝暮暮。
Immortals at the Magpie Bridge
Clouds float like works of art；
Stars shoot with grief at heart.
Across the Milky Way the Cowherd meets the Maid
When Autumn’s Golden wind embraces Dew of Jade，
All the love scenes on earth，however many， fade.
This tender love flows like a stream；
Their happy date seems but a dream.
How can they bear a separate homeward way?
If love between both sides can last for aye，
Why need they stay together night and day?
（許淵衝 譯）
一剪梅
在宋代，人們稱一枝為一剪，“一剪梅”就是一枝梅花。古時候，相隔兩地的人往往通過贈送對方一枝梅花來表達相思。詞牌“一剪梅”，即是取此意而生。
此調以周邦彥《一剪梅·一剪梅花萬樣嬌》為正體，雙調六十字，前後段各六句、三平韻。英譯為“A Twig of Mume Blossoms”。
一剪梅
[宋]李清照
紅藕香殘玉簟秋。輕解羅裳，獨上蘭舟。雲中誰寄錦書來，雁字回時，月滿西樓。
花自飄零水自流。一種相思，兩處閒愁。此情無計可消除，才下眉頭，卻上心頭。
ATwigofMumeBlossoms
Fragrant pink lotus fade; autumn chills mat of jade.
My silk robe doffed, I float.
Alone in orchid boat.
Who in the cloud would bring me letters in brocade?
When swans come back in flight,
My bower is steeped in moonlight.
As fallen flowers drift and water runs its way,
One longing overflows
Two places with same woes.
Such sorrow can by no means be driven away;
From eyebrows kept apart,
Again it gnaws my heart.
（許淵衝 譯）
twig 細枝，嫩枝
mume 果梅;梅子
mat 席子，墊子
robe 長袍;睡袍
doff 脫去
brocade 凸花紋織物，錦緞
bower 涼亭;閨房
woe 悲哀;悲傷
gnaw 侵蝕;使苦惱，折磨
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