今年，考研英语真题的讲解是结构化英语的重要领域。我们会推出系列的视频课程、书籍和文章。
今天， 我们以2010年考研真题的第一篇阅读理解为范例，讲解一下考研真题中阅读理解题的解题思路。
在阅读本文之前，请读者先参阅上一篇文章（考研英语真题解题思路－完形填空篇）
一、 阅读理解解题策略
第1步：快速浏览
在第1步快速浏览中，我们建议考生需要立即完成下面两个工作：
1. 标示段落序号；
2. 标示关键代码（题目和文字中标示关键代码主要包括以下四类——
时间：T1/T2…；地点：L1/L2…；人物：P1/P2…；机构：O1/O2…）。
举例如下：
例1：
P1姓名George Walker Bush；
姓Bush ；名George；所有格George ’s
注：一篇文章中，首先会出现某个人的全名（姓＋名），而后可能是他的姓或名或所有格，这种情况下，我们统一标注为P1或P2；
例2：某个组织International Accounting Standards Board ，其简写为IASB
注：在一篇文章中，首先会出现某个组织的全名（常见的组织除外，如WHO，世界卫生组织），而后往往用简写，这种情况下，我们统一标注为O1或O2。
第2步：快速解题
阅读理解真题需要考生特别关注如下要点：
要点1：文章中关键句，关键段落的逻辑结构；
要点2：考题选项中故意设计的干扰项；
要点3：关键信息
提示：重点关注句子的主语和谓语，要确保选项中的主语和谓语与原文中的主语和谓语都一致。
下面，我们以2010年阅读理解第一篇为范例举例说明。
二、解题范例（2010年真题）
第1步：浏览真题
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman , could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”
Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus , who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat. (429 words)
21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.
[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.
22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by
[A] free themes. [B] casual style.
[C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.
23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals. [B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. [D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.
[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.
[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.
25. What would be the best title for the text?
[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days [B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism [D] Prominent Critics in Memory
在第1步浏览真题的过程中，我们强烈建议考生做好标注工作。本文的标注范例如下：
第一段：Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
第二段：It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city (L1) newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
第三段：We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England (L2) between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw (P1) and Ernest Newman (P2), could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”
第四段：Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus (P3), who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s (L2) foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
第五段：Is there any chance that Cardus’s (P3) criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat. (429 words)
21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city (L1) newspapers.
[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.
22. Newspaper reviews in England (L2) before World War II were characterized by
[A] free themes. [B] casual style.
[C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.
23. Which of the following would Shaw (P1) and Newman (P2) most probably agree on?
[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals. [B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. [D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
24. What can be learned about Cardus (P3) according to the last two paragraphs?
[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.
[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.
[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.
25. What would be the best title for the text?
[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days [B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism [D] Prominent Critics in Memory
提示：标注的最大好处就是在实战中可以帮助我们快速找到考题中的关键信息在原文中的位置，这有利于提高解题速度。
本文中的关键信息有：
（1）地点： L1 – big-city大城市；L2 – England英格兰（英国）
（2）人物： P1 – George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳；P2 – Newman纽曼；P3 – Cardus卡德斯
注：在实战中，上述的关键信息，我们不需要标识出中文。
第2步：分析解题
21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city (L1) newspapers.
[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.
解题思路
（1）在原文中快速找到题干相关的内容
第一段：“…during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.”
第二段：“…Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews…”
（2）分析
浏览开头两段，划出段落中的关键信息词和反映段落中心思想的核心句。第一段说“在过去的25年里，英语报纸上文艺评论文章报道的范围和严肃性在不断衰退。” ，第二段又说“然而，在20世纪出版的大量最重要的批评集中，有很大一部分是发表在报纸上的评论”。
综合对比现在和过去，我们可以得出的一个确定结论是“以前的英文报纸上刊登更多的艺术评论文章”。因此[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews “英文报纸在过去常常刊载更多的艺术评论文章”，是正确答案，
（3）复核答案（实战中不一定需要）
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers. “艺术评论已从大城市报纸上消失了”
复核：对照原文“perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.”这里的关键信息是“decline”（表衰退）。在选项A中，关键信息是“disappeared”（消失），这与原文严重不符。
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers. “高质量的报纸留住了大批读者”
复核：在第二段中没有提及。
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies. “年轻读者怀疑日报上评论的恰当性”
复核：在第二段第1句中提到了“the average reader under the age of forty”（40岁以下的年轻读者）。原句是“It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.”它的意思是“对年轻读者来讲，很难有可能性去设想在大城市的报纸上会读到有深度的艺术评论文章”。
这里我们需要认真审题，在试题中，常出现一些和原文句子相似的句子，这是阅读理解中常见的出题方式，这时我们一定要认真对比，如D选项中的主要动词是doubt（怀疑），而原句中，用的主要动词是to imagine（想象），虽然动作的发出者一致，但行为不一致，这就是干扰项。
22. Newspaper reviews in England (L2) before World War II were characterized by
[A] free themes. [B] casual style.
[C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.
解题思路
（1）在原文中快速找到题干相关的内容
第三段：“We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England (L2) between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II…”
（2）分析
第三段第1句说的是“而离我们更久远的，是从20世纪初到二战前夕那段时间里英国出版的那些没有聚焦某一主题的报纸评论。”尤其注意其中unfocused （没有聚焦某一主题的），此处可以理解为“百家争鸣”，这个词后面被修饰的词是reviews
（3）复核答案（实战中不一定需要）
[B] casual style. “随意的风格”
复核：这是个干扰项，因为文中是提到了“ at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications 有风格的艺术评论被认为是出版物的出彩点”，但并没有说“随意的风格”。
[C] elaborate layout. “精心设计的布局”
复核：C是个干扰项，因为文中提到“有风格的艺术评论被认为是报纸上的装饰物”，C选项是想诱导你从“装饰物”推论出“设计和布局好看”，而文中并未提到设计布局是否好看。
[D] radical viewpoints. “激进的观点”
复核：这在文中没有提及。
23. Which of the following would Shaw (P1) and Newman (P2) most probably agree on?
[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals. [B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. [D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
解题思路
（1）在原文中快速找到题干相关的内容
第三段：“…These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ‘So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,’ …”
（2）分析
在第三段中，作者对Shaw和Newman的点评是：
首先，“These men believed in journalism as a calling…”（这些人坚信新闻业是一种职业使命，并且为在这些日常报章杂志上发表文章而自豪）。
提示：calling在这里可以理解为“召唤”，它的引申词义就是“使命”。
其次，Newman的观点是“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism”（很少有作家有足够的头脑或文学天赋来胜任新闻写作），这进一步表明：这种具有使命性的工作只有很少人能胜任（这里的few（几乎没有）是一个关键词）。
可见选项 [D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.“不是所有的作者能胜任新闻写作”是正确选项。
（3）复核答案（实战中不一定需要）
[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals. “完成新闻业的目标是作家的职责”
[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists. “作家当新闻工作者应受鄙视”
原文中有“that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’”这里要注意，“contempt（鄙视）”这个行为是由“writers who are not read（没有读者的作者们）”发出，这与选项B中的“It”不符；
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. “作家很可能被引诱而从事新闻业”
原文中有“that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’”这里要注意“tempted”的被动主语是“I”，而选项C中则是“Writers”，这一点也与原文不符。
复核：BC是干扰项。
注1：在本段中有一个长难句：
“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”
在其中出现了contempt这个词，它会让我们关联到选项[B]中的 contemptible，这又是一次故意的误导，但在逻辑上，原句“that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”（原句意思是“我倾向定义‘journalism’这个词是作品无人阅读的作者对读者多的作者的一种轻视”）与选项[B]不是一个意思（选项B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists“作家当新闻工作者应受鄙视” ）。
注2：在解题中，我们实际上不需要完全理解 “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.” 这一个分句的准确含义，只要掌握“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,”的意思就足够解题了，这里需要特别注意few authors是表示“没有多少作者”，这个分句的意思是“很少有作家有足够的头脑或文学天赋来胜任新闻写作”。
注3：从提高阅读水平的角度来讲，我们建议读者要吃透这样的长难句，从而切实提升阅读能力（长难句的学习，我们会有专门的课程）。
总结：
1. 阅读理解在解题时一定要做好标识工作；
2. 在实战中，出题方会故意在某些选项中植入和原文相近的词或表达方式，这时，我们一定要把原文和选项做全面的对比，而不要以偏概全，如本文的第22题和第23题。
3. 某些长难句会成为考试中的难点，建议考生在复习中关注长难句的复习。