If You're so Smart, Why Aren't You Rich?
既然你這麼聰明，為什麼還這麼窮呢？
How much is a child's future success determined by innate intelligence? Economist James Heckman says it's not what people think.
先天的智力能夠在多大程度上決定一個孩子未來是否成功呢？經濟學家詹姆斯·赫克曼表示，這可能和人們所想的不太一樣。
He likes to ask educated non-scientists -- especially politicians and policy makers -- how much of the difference between people's incomes can be tied to IQ.Most guess around 25 percent, even 50 percent, he says. But the data suggest a much smaller influence: about 1 or 2 percent.
他喜歡問那些並非科學家的受教育者（尤其是政治家和政策制定者）一個問題，人們收入的差異與智商存在多大的關聯。他說，大多數人認為大概25％，有人甚至認為50％。但據數據顯示，智商對收入的影響非常小：大約僅為1％或2％。
So if IQ is only a minor factor in success, what is it that separates the low earners from the high ones? Or, as the saying goes: If you're so smart, why aren't you rich?Science doesn't have a definitive answer, although luck certainly plays a role. But another key factor is personality, according to a paper Heckman co-authored in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
如果智商只是決定成功與否的一個次要因素，那麼導致人們收入高低的主要因素是什麼呢？或者，正如常言道：既然你這麼聰明，為什麼還這麼窮呢？科學尚未給出一個明確的答案，但運氣肯定起到了一定的作用。但根據赫克曼在《美國國家科學院院刊》合著的一篇論文顯示，性格是另一個關鍵因素。
He found financial success was correlated with conscientiousness, a personality trait marked by diligence, perseverance and self-discipline.
他發現，一個人在經濟上的成功與責任心有關，而責任心是一種以勤奮、毅力和自律為特徵的人格特質。
To reach that conclusion, he and colleagues examined four different data sets, which, between them, included IQ scores, standardized test results, grades and personality assessments for thousands of people in the UK, the US and the Netherlands.Some of the data sets followed people over decades, tracking not just income but criminal records, body mass index and self-reported life satisfaction.
為了證實這一結論，他和他的同事對來自英國、美國和荷蘭的數千人的四項數據（智商、標準化測試結果、成績和性格評估）進行了研究。其中一些數據集對受訪者進行了幾十年的追蹤調查，不僅是收入，還包括犯罪記錄、體重指數以及自我報告的生活滿意度。
The study found that grades and achievement-test results were markedly better predictors of adult success than raw IQ scores. That might seem surprising -- after all, don't they all measure the same thing? Not quite.
研究發現，相比單獨的智商而言，成績和成就測試的結果顯然更能預測一個人的成功。這似乎讓人感到驚訝，畢竟，兩者所衡量的不是同一個東西嗎？並不完全是。
Grades reflect not just intelligence but also what Heckman calls "non-cognitive skills," such as perseverance, good study habits and the ability to collaborate -- in other words, conscientiousness.
成績不僅反映了智力，還反映了赫克曼所說的“非認知能力”（比如毅力、優良的學習習慣和合作能力），換句話說就是責任心。
重點單詞：
innate [ɪˈneɪt]adj.天生的; 先天的; 與生俱來的
perseverance [ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪrəns] n.毅力; 韌性; 不屈不撓的精神
conscientiousness [ˌkɑnʃiˈɛnʃəsnəs] n.自覺性; 責任心; 盡責性
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