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第1單元 傑弗裡•喬叟
1.1 複習筆記
Geoffrey Chaucer (傑弗裡·喬叟)(1343-1400)
1．Life (生平)
Geoffrey Chaucer, born in 1343 in London, is the founder of English poetry. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court. He later became a courtier and comptroller.
Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life, and knew well the whole life of his time, which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.
He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the Poets’ Corner.
傑弗裡·喬叟於1343年出生於倫敦，他是英語詩歌之父。他是一個與宮廷有聯繫的酒商的兒子。他後來擔任過侍臣和審計官。
喬叟知識淵博。他精通拉丁語、法語和意大利語。他結交廣泛且易與人深交，無論是貴族還是貧民,因此他深諳所處世事。這尤其有益於他在作品中對英國社會的刻畫。
他逝於1400年，被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂，由此“詩人角”開始出現。
2．Major Works (主要作品)
The Book of the Duchess (1336) 《公爵夫人之書》
The Parliament of Fowls (1380) 《百鳥議會》
The House of Fame (1374-1384) 《聲譽之堂》
Troilus and Criseyde (1380-1385) 《特羅勒斯與克麗西德》
The Canterbury Tales (1386-1400) 《坎特伯雷故事集》
3．Chaucer’s Literary Career (文學生平)
Chaucer’s literary career can be divided into three periods, which is closely related to his life experiences. The first period consists of works translated from French literature; the second consists of works adapted from Italian literature, especially influenced by Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, such as Troilus and Criseyde. The third period includes The Canterbury Tales, which is purely English.
喬叟的文學生平可劃分為三個階段，均與其個人生活經歷有關。第一階段喬叟的作品主要是翻譯法國文學，第二階段則改編於意大利文學，深受但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘的影響，如《特羅勒斯與克麗西德》。第三階段包括《坎特伯雷故事集》，這是純英語創作階段。
4．Selected Work (作品選讀)
The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》
(1) Plot (情節)
The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written in Middle English. The tales (mostly in verse) are told as part of a story-telling contest by twenty-nine pilgrims, together with the narrator, who travel together on a journey from Southwark to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. When they met at the Tabard Inn, they agreed that each tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back. The best storyteller will get a meal at the inn when they return, courtesy of the other pilgrims. But instead of 120 tales, the text ends after 24 tales, covering all the major types of medieval literature. The stories are well suited to their different characters, ranging from the knight, the monk and the pardoner etc.
《坎特伯雷故事集》是一部用中古英語寫成的詩體短篇小說集。29名朝聖者和敘述者前往坎特伯雷去朝拜託馬斯·貝克特朝聖。當他們在旅館相遇，決定途中進行講故事比賽，每個人去時和返回時各講兩個，講得最好的人，回到旅館後其他朝聖者請他吃飯。最終共有24個故事被寫進故事集，故事涵蓋了中世紀文學的各個方面。每個故事都與講述者的身份相符，講述者包羅各種階層的人，有騎士、僧侶、赦罪僧等。
(2) Theme (主題)
It shows a true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time, attack the degeneration of the noble and the corruption of the Church. Standing for the rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the Church, and believes man’s right to earthly happiness. He praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life.
故事集展示了喬叟時代的真實生活畫面。揭露並批判了他所處時代的罪惡，批判了貴族的墮落和教會的腐敗。喬叟站在新興小資產階級的立場，反對教會宣揚的禁慾主義，並且相信人們追求世俗幸福的權利。他讚揚了人的力量、智慧和對生活的熱愛。
(3) Language (語言)
Chaucer is the first poet to write in English vernacular, now called Middle English, which bear a close visual resemblance to the English written and spoken today. His language is vivid, exact and fluent. He introduced from France and Italy the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the heroic couplet to English poetry.
喬叟是第一位用中古英語寫作的詩人，其看起來和今天使用的英語很相似。他的語言生動、準確、流暢。他採用了法國和意大利的詩歌形式，尤其是“英雄雙韻體”的使用。
1.2 課後習題詳解
1．How is the setting of the tales described? With such a setting, could you predict the general tone of the tales that are to follow?
Key: (1) Chaucer sets the tales in the spring, describing both the natural world and people—the natural world shows a kind of renewal and rebirth, and people begin to stir after the long sleep of winter. Chaucer’s description of the landscape is lively (歡快的)and fresh(清新的), since he speaks of budding flowers, growing crops and singing birds.
(2) According to such a setting, we can predict that the general tone of the tales will be light, sprightly(活潑、愉快的)and humorous.
2．In your own words, summarize the character of the Knight from the brief introduction in this excerpt.
Key: According to the excerpt, we can see that the Knight has followed chivalry—truth, honor, freedom and courtesy. He had fought many battles for the faith of people. He is a brave, wise, modest and “truly perfect gentle knight”.
3．Without comparison with the translated version, are there words still recognizable to you in the original Middle English version?
Key: Yes, there are many words that can be recognized. Because many words only contain few different letters compared with the modern words. What’s more, sometimes, we can recognize the words by guessing or by the sense-group.
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