定語從句中的疑難問題

1. 關係詞的選擇

1).在非限制性定語從句中，關係代詞作主語，只能用who 指人，which指物；關係代詞做賓語，常用whom（口語中有時用who）指人，which指物，它們都不能用that代替。

2).關係代詞作介詞賓語，不論是在限制性定語從句中，還是在非限制性定語從句中，當介詞前置時，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介詞後置，則不受這種限制，關係代詞還可以省去，特別是在口語中。如：

Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?

Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to?

The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke.

3).在限制性定語從句中，當先行詞指物時，關係詞可用which或that，二者常可以互換；但在下列情況中，只能用that，不用which：

(1).當先行詞是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等詞時。如：

All that can be done has been done.

In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.

(2). 當先行詞被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定詞所修飾時。如：

We heard clearly every word that he said.

(3). 當先行詞是序數詞或被序數詞所修飾時。如：

The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.

When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.

(4). 當先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級所修飾，以及先行詞被序數詞和形容

詞最高級同時修飾時，如：

Is that the best that you can do?

That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.

This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.

(5). 當先行詞被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修飾時。如：

This is the very book that I want to find.

(6). 當先行詞為指人和指物的兩個並列名詞詞組時。如：

The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.

She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.

(7). 當主句是以which開頭的特殊疑問句時。如：

Which is the car that killed the boy?

4).在限制性定語從句中，當先行詞指人時，關係詞可用who(m)或that，二者常可互換。

但在下列情況中，用who(m)，而不用that：

(1).當先行詞是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等詞時。如：

Is there anyone who can answer this question?

He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.

注：在非正式文體中可以說：You’ re the one that knows where to go.)

(2). 當先行詞是he, they, those, people, person等詞時。如：

He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.

Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.

注：在固定結構的諺語或習語中，可用he that…如：

He that promises too much means nothing.

(3). 當先行詞有較長的後置定語修飾時。如：

Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?

(4). 在分隔式定語從句中，若先行詞指人，為了明確修飾關係，應當用who(m)。如：

A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.

There’s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.

I was the only person in my office who was invited.

(5).兩個定語從句同時修飾一個指人的先行詞，第二個定語從句常用who(m)來引導，如：

She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.

5). 在限制性定語從句中，當先行詞指人時，在下列情況中，一般用關係詞that:

(1). 當主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時。如：

Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?

Which of us that knows anything does not know this?

(2). 當先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數詞所修飾時。如：

He is the greatest man that has ever lived.

(3). 當先行詞被the only, the very, the last等詞所修飾時。如：

She is the only person that understands me.

6). 當先行詞被the same所修飾時，關係詞既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具體事物

時，有時兩者有一定的區別。一般說來，表示同一種類多用as，表示同一事物多用that。

如：

This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 這就是我昨天用過的那臺儀器。

This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 這臺儀器跟我昨天用過的那臺一樣。

在抽象概念上，同種類和同一事物是沒有絕對區別的，所以兩個詞可換用：

I have the same opinion as / that you have.

這裡要注意的是：

(1). 使用as時，它引導的定語從句中的動詞可以省略，但使用that時，定語從句中

的動詞不可省略。如：

Women received the same pay as men.

Women received the same pay that men received.

(2).在“the same…that”結構中，that只是用來加強語氣，強調“相同”。that可以省去而不改變句子原意，甚至連名詞前的same也可以省去。如：

This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.

= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.

= This is the instrument I used yesterday.

但在“the same…as”結構中，same和as都不能省略。

(3). 當“the same…that”結構中的that作為關係副詞用時，不可以直接與as互換。

如：

He lives in the same building that I live.

= He lives in the same building as / that I live in.

Shall we meet at the same place that we last met?

= Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at?

7). 當先行詞前有such, so, as時，關係詞應當用as。如：

A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.

He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.

At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.

It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.

Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.

2. 定語從句與同位語從句的區別

同位語從句中連接詞that在從句中不作句子成分，也沒有詞彙含義，只起連接作用，其作用大致相當於一個冒號；而引導定語從句的that是關係代詞，且在句中充當句子的成分。

具體區別如下：

1).被修飾的詞不同：同位語從句的前面一般是數量有限的、表示抽象意義的名詞；而定語從句的先行詞是無數的指人或物名詞。

例句：

Word came that he had been abroad.（同位語從句）

這個消息傳來，他在國外。

Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.（定語從句）

隊伍的取得勝利使我們高興。

2).從句的作用不同：同位語從句表示同位名詞的具體內容，而定語從句是對先行詞的限制、描繪或說明。

例句：

The news that our team has won the game was true. （同位語從句）

我們隊贏了那場比賽的消息是真的。

The news that he told me yesterday was true.（定語從句）

昨天他告訴我的那個消息是真的。

3). 引導詞不同：what, how, whether等不能用引導定語從句，但可用於引導同位從句。

例句：

That question whether we need it has not been considered.（同位語從句）

我們是否需要它這個問題還沒有考慮。

The order hat we received yesterday was that we hould send a few people to help the other groups.（定語從句）

我們應派幾個人去幫別的幾個小組的命令昨天收到了。

4).引導詞的作用不同：引導同位語從句的that是連詞，在從句中不充當任何成分；而引導定語從句的that為關係代詞，在從句中充當一定的句子成分。

例句：

The news that got around the town made people happy.（定語從句）

我們的隊贏了,這讓我們很高興

The news that he came back made people happy.(同位語從句）

他回來的消息讓人們感到很高興。

5).判定定語從句和同位語從句的方法：由於同位語從句是用以說明被修飾名詞的具體內容的，所它可以轉換同位名詞的表語；而定語從句則不能作這種轉換。

例句：

At the first day, I booked a kind of magazine that Tom had recommended to me.（定語從句）

在第一天，我在讀湯姆推薦我的雜誌。

The fact can’t be accepted by the fans that we lost the swimming game .（同位語從句）

粉絲們不能接受我們輸掉游泳比賽的事實。