名師精講,高中英語所有從句!

今天將高中英語關於從句的內容全部整理了一遍,這部分內容也是考試中經常出現又容易出錯的部分,希望大家可以仔細學習,將不懂的語法內容捋順了。

名師精講,高中英語所有從句!

英語基礎概念:主句+從句=複合句

01

有關概念

由一個主句和一個或一個以上從句構成的句子叫做複合句。所謂主句,就是在複合句中起統領作用的句子,它是全句的主體,通常可以獨立存在;而從句則是複合句的一個句子成分,不能獨立存在。如:

You’ll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完藥丸後你會感到好一些。

The police learned that he wasn’t there at that time. 警察獲知他那時不在場。

這兩句都是複合句,第一句的主句是You’ll feel better,從句是after you take the pills,由after引導,在整個複合句中用作狀語,表示時間;第二句的主句是The police learned是主句,that he wasn’t there at that time是從句,由that引導,在整個複合句中用作賓語。

注意,英語的複合句不是簡單句的反面,不要將它誤解為“複雜句”。事實上,英語的簡單句有時也可以比較“複雜”,而複合句也可以比較“簡單”。如:

He stopped because he was tired. 他停下來是因為他累了。

這個句子比較“簡單”,卻是一個典型的複合句,其中的he stopped是主句,because he was tired是從句,在複合句中用作狀語,表示原因。

02

從句的分類

前面我們說到從句是整個複合句的一個句子成分,它可以用作主語、賓語、定語、狀語等。一般說來,一個從句在複合句充當什麼成分我們就叫它為什麼從句——從句在複合句用作主語,我們就叫它為主語從句;從句在複合句用作賓語,我們就叫它為賓語從句;從句在複合句用作狀語,我們就叫它為狀語從句;等等。

如:

He answered that he knew nothing about it. 他回答說他不知情。

The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩的是我把他的地址丟了。

He was rather pleased when he won that prize. 他獲獎後相當高興。

She was not in the train that arrived just now. 她不在剛到的那列車上。

第一句中的that he knew nothing about it為賓語從句,因為它在複合句中用作動詞answered的賓語;第二句中的that I have lost his address為表語從句,因為它在複合句中用在連繫動詞is後作表語;第三句中的when he won that prize為狀語從句,因為它在複合句中用狀語,表示時間,所以也叫時間狀語從句;第四句中的that arrived just now為定語從句,因為它在複合句中用作定語,修飾名詞the train。

判斷關係代詞與關係副詞

方法一: 用關係代詞,還是關係副詞完全取決於從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞後面無賓語,就必須要求用關係代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關係副詞。例如:

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

方法二: 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關係副詞。

例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

A. where B. that C. on which D. the one

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

A. where B. that C. on which D. the one

答案:例1 D,例2 A

例1變為肯定句:

This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.

例2變為肯定句:

This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關係代詞,所以應選D。

而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語。而此題中,介詞on 用的不對,所以選A。

關係詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時,選擇關係代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語時,應選擇關係副詞 ( where 地點狀語,when 時間狀語,why 原因狀語) 。

名師精講,高中英語所有從句!

語法小知識:主將從現的標誌詞

主將從現是一種出現在狀語從句中的語法現象,多指在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中,當主句是一般將來時態,則從句要用一般現在時替代一般將來時。

因為主將從現出現在狀語從句中,在這裡我們就以狀語從句的幾個類別為根據來列舉主將從現的標誌性詞語。

時間狀語從句

when, whenever, since, till, once, as soon as, while, as, before, after

如:I will be a math teacher when I grow up.

條件狀語從句

if, unless, as(so)long as

如:If I have extra money, I will pay the bill for you.

原因狀語從句

because, since, as, for, now that

如:The tutor will leave here now that you have no problems.

讓步狀語從句

though, although, even if, even though, however

如:Though you have advantages in this match, I will not give up.

目的狀語從句

in order that, so that, that

如:In order that Lily can get the prize, we will have a plan in detail.

在條件狀語從句中,如果主語是一般將來時,從句要用一般現在時。

一個句子的中心意思體現在主句中,所以判斷是否使用主將從現首先要做的是區分主從句。當找到主句,分析其時態為一般將來時或藉助某些結構表達將來含義時,則從句使用一般現在時態。

1. 用“連詞+分詞”來替代從句

當主句和從句的主語一致,謂語的時態又是同時段發生,可以把從句的主語省去,變謂語動詞為現在分詞或過去分詞。如果分詞的邏輯或時間意義不明確,還可以保留連詞。

Guests talk while enjoying cake, punch and other treats.

客人們一邊吃蛋糕、喝飲料以及享用其它的食品,一邊卻在一起聊天。

While speaking out against Hitler’s atrocities, the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality.

雖然美國人譴責希特勒的暴行,但是他們卻一慣奉行孤立政策和中立態度。

Plastics are materials which are softened by heat and set into lasting form when shaped in a mold.

注:如果從句的謂語是系動詞be,在簡化句型時應該把be動詞改成being,但是由於being語義意義,所以可以省略,這樣就造成了形容詞作狀語了。

These apples, when ripe, are picked.

這些蘋果一旦熟了就要被摘下來。

She knows all the hazards of smoking while pregnant.

她知道懷孕時吸菸的一切危害性。

2. 用“介詞+分詞”來替代從句

一般說來,用on和at表示“as soon as, once”。on後面常接“來、去”之類的詞,at後面常接“聽到、看到”之類的詞。in後面接其他帶動作的詞,相對於從屬連詞“while”。

On removing them he was stunned to see that the plates were fogged where the crystals had covered them.

當他把晶體揭開時,發現盤子上方霧濛濛,他吃了一驚。

In running down the stairs, I heard the clock struck twelve.

我在跑下樓的時候,聽見鐘敲了十二下。

He jumped with joy at hearing the news.

他一聽到這個消息就高興得跳了起來。

3. 用“介詞+動作性名詞”來替代從句

同上面一樣,at基本上後接sound,sight“聽到、看到”之類的詞;on接“回來、到達”之類的詞;用in,during表示“when, while”;用over表示“while”之意。當然,這一切都是相對的分類。

The little girl passed out at sight of a snake.

小女孩一看到蛇就昏過去了。

In our hurry to get from one place to another, we failed to see anything on the way.

當我們急急忙忙從這兒到那兒的時候,一路上什麼也沒有看見。

On arrival at the railway station, he found the train had already left.

當他到達火車站的時候,他發現火車已經開走了。

He had intended to go, but on second thoughts, he gave up the idea.

他本來想去,但進一步考慮後,打消了這個念頭。

During my absence, would you please take care of my cat?

在我不在的時候,請幫我照看一下貓,好嗎?

He fell asleep over a book.

他看書的時候睡著了。

After reelection he announces that he will not help.

經過一番考慮後,他宣佈將不提供任何幫助。

After graduation, he went to America for his PhD studies.

畢業之後,他去了美國攻讀博士。

4. 用“並列句”代替

Two other poses were tried and I emerged from the booth to find a lot people waiting for my signatures.

又試了兩個其他的姿勢後,我從拍照亭裡出來,發現很多人在那裡等待我的簽名。

名詞性從句(主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句)

主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句在複合句中的充當的成分和其名稱相同,分別作主句的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。上述這四種從句均被稱為名詞性從句。所有的名詞性從句均不能用逗號分開,並且它們都用相同的關聯詞,關聯詞如下:

① 主從連詞:that (無意義), whether (是否), if (是否)(在句子中不充當任何成分)

② 連接代詞:who (誰), whom (誰), whose (誰的), what (什麼), which (哪一個)

③ 連接副詞:when (什麼時候), where (什麼地方), how (怎樣), why (為什麼)

主從連詞只起連接作用,連接代詞和連接副詞除了起連接作用外,還充當從句某一個成分。另外,可以用whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever等連接代詞引導名詞性從句,來加強語氣。

名師精講,高中英語所有從句!

(一)主語從句(subject clause)

在主句中用作主語的主謂結構稱之為主語從句。

例如:

That he will come to the discussion is certain.他來參加討論是確定的。

That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.月球繞地球轉動,這是我們大家都熟知的。

When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decide. 會議什麼時候召開還沒有決定。

主語從句放在句首,句子常常顯得比較笨重,因此通常可以把it放在句首,作形式主語,而將主語從句放在後面。例如上面的句子可以分別改寫為:

It is certain that he will come to the discussion.

It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.

It has not yet been decide when the meeting is to be held.

(二)賓語從句(object clause)

在主句中作謂語動詞、介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語的主謂結構稱之為賓語從句。

在引導賓語從句時,從屬連詞that在口語中和非正式文本中常省略。

(1)動詞後的賓語從句

We know that a parrot can’t really speak.我們知道鸚鵡不會真的說話。

He wants to tell us what he thinks.他想告訴我們他所想的事情。

Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house.

知道要下雨了,於是他們決定在室內工作。(現在分詞knowing的賓語從句)

I want to know whether/if you have bought Qisu English books.

我想知道你是否已經買到奇速英語圖書。(不定式to know的賓語從句)

The club will give whoever wins a prize. 獲勝者俱樂部將頒獎。

Up to now we can’t say whether his theory can stand the test.

到目前為止我們還不能說他的理論是否經得住考驗。

(2)形容詞的賓語從句

有些形容詞可以用that引導賓語從句,表示說話人對某一事物的態度並帶有感情色彩。常見的這類形容詞有:

afraid, amazed, astonished, aware, certain, confident, delighted, glad, grateful, happy, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprised等。

I am glad that you have come. 你來了,我真高興。

I am afraid that you are wrong on this point.恐怕你在這點上是錯誤的。

He is quite confident that he will pass the examination.他很有信心通過這個考試。

(三)表語從句(predicative clause)

在主句中擔當表語的主謂結構稱之為表語從句。

One idea is that fish is the best brain food.有一種看法認為魚是最好的補腦食品。

The problem is where we can hold our meeting.問題是我們可以在哪兒舉行會議。

My question is how information is stored in the long-term memory.我的問題是信息是怎樣儲存在長期記憶中的。

That is what he really wants.那就是他真想要的東西。

It seems that everything goes smoothly.似乎一切都進行得很順利。

(四)同位語從句

同位語從句用於對前面出現的名詞作進一步說明,一般用連詞that引導,由於先行名詞的意義不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引導。

常見的先行名詞有:

fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有時由於謂語較短,將同位語從句位於謂語之後。如:

She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.

I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.

The news came that their team had won the championship.

名詞性從句的用法及定義

1.that 引導主語從句時,that 沒有意義,但不能省略。

It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray. 她的頭髮正在變白,這使她很不安。

that引導主語從句,it作形式主語,that不能省略。

That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 眾所周知,她是個富有的女人。這是that 引導主語從句,that 不能省略。

這句話可以改為用it 作形式主語的句型。

2.從句作主語時,多數情況下由 it 作形式主語,而把主語從句放在後面,尤其是謂語部分(包括賓語)較短的情況下。

①It wasn’t very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什麼意思。

②It is important that he should come on time. 他按時來是很重要的。

③It is true that that man on the left is a well-known writer here. 左邊那個人是本地的一位著名作家,這是真的。這裡,第一個that 引導主語從句,是單純的連詞,無詞義,不作句子成分。第二個that 是指示代詞,作句子成分,是man 的定語。

3.whether 既可以引導主語從句也可以引導賓語從句,但if不能引導主語從句。whether 後面可以加or not, 而if 不能與or not 連用。作介詞賓語時不用if.如:

①Whether I knew John doesn’t matter. = It doesn’t matter whether I knew John. 我是否認識約翰沒有關係。

②Whether or not she’ll come isn’t clear. = Whether she’ll come or not isn’t clear. = It isn’t clear whether …. 她是否來還不清楚。

③It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation. 這完全取決於我們是否能得到他們的合作。

這是主語從句還是賓語從句?it 是形式主語嗎?it 是代詞,whether 引導的是賓語從句,作介詞on 的賓語,不能用if引導。

④I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 賓語從句,介詞賓語,不能用if 引導。請翻譯這句話。

⑤She asked me whether/if you were married. 賓語從句,既可以用whether, 又可以用if 引導。注意時態的對應。請翻譯這句話。

⑥We haven’t decided whether/if we shall give them aid.

⑦I’m not sure whether/if the report is believable.

Now let’s do some translation:

現在還很難預測誰會贏得下一屆總統選舉。

It is still hard to predict who will win the next presidential election.

對於多數公民來說,誰當選總統無關緊要。

Who will become the president doesn’t matter much to most citizens.

形式主語中名詞性從句作真正主語的情況

與漢語習慣不同,英語習慣將較重要的信息放在句子後半段,為避免頭重腳輕,就產生了一個邏輯主語it,同時也就產生了一種新的的語法現象——形式主語。

It +動詞+從句

seem,appear,happen,look,matter,make,strike,occur

It appeared that he had a happy childhood.

看來他有一段幸福的童年。

It made us very happy that she was saved.

她能化險為夷令我們大家很高興。

It is +形容詞+從句

true,strange,necessary,important,certain,wonderful,possible,likely,probable

It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city. 我們城市的多數人將享受免費醫療,這是一定的。

It is obvious that he has been treated.

很明顯他已經被款待了。

It is +名詞+從句

fact,surprise,pity,honor,common knowledge

It is common knowledge that the moon cannot give out light. 月亮不會發光,這是常識。

It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question. 你對這個問題作了這樣的回答,令人吃驚。

It+be+分詞+從句

said,reported,believed,known,decided,thought,expected,announced

It is said that Jack has been to Europe.

據說Jack去過歐洲。

It was reported that a new park will be built.

據報道將要建造一個新的公園。

需要注意的是,作為形式主語的it並無實際意義,只是為了滿足語法上的需要,避免句子頭重腳輕,它代替的是句子的邏輯主語,而真正主語由從句或不定式充當。形式主語一直都是高頻考點,同學們需要多多練習。

從句:定語從句的簡化規律

(一)改用“不定式”或“不定式短語”

如果定語從句的時態與主句的時態具有同時性(包括謂語有情態動詞)或之後性,則可以用“關係代詞或關係副詞+不定式”來簡化,或直接用“不定式”來修飾先行詞。

要注意的是,此時的不定式一定要是及物動詞,如果是不及物,則需要在動詞後面加上相應的介詞,使之成為及物動詞短語。這個結尾的介詞可以提前到關係代詞前面,也可以繼續留在句尾。前者是正式說法,後者是非正式說法。

We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which they could play in.

我們搬到了鄉下,好讓孩子們有個花園在裡面玩。

改為:

We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which to play.

或者:

We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden to play in.

(二)改用“介詞短語”

介詞短語替代定語從句有兩種方式:(1)省略“關係副詞+主語+be動詞”,或“關係代詞+be動詞”;(2)根據從句的意思改編。

We have never forgotten the days (when we were) at college.

我們從來沒有忘記在大學讀書的日子。

I don’t know the person (who is) in your office.

在你辦公室的那個人我不認識。

He is not a person who likes to haggle over every ounce.

改為:

He is a person above personal interests.

他不是一個斤斤計較的人。

(三)改用“現在分詞短語”和“過去分詞短語”

“現在分詞短語”作後置定語

此項要明白三點:

(1)“現在分詞短語”與前面的名詞一定是主謂關係;

(2)它隱含的時態為與謂語動詞同一階段的時態。例如:謂語是一般現在時或將來時,現在分詞所隱含的是現在時、現在正在繼續時;如果謂語動詞為一般過去時或將來時,現在分詞所隱含的時態為過去時、過去正在進行時;

(3)being+-ed表示“正在進行時的被動語態”。如果信息的中心在什麼時候可以用現在分詞呢?

當被修飾的名詞為“不定代詞”、“泛指意義的名詞”或“專有名詞”,可用現在分句短語作後置定語。由於主語是泛指,句子的意思往往表達的是一條“道理”或一件“事實”,所以它們的隱含時為“一般現在時”,此時就可以用分詞短語作後置定語。為了看清分詞所隱含的時態,配上定語。

為了大家看得明白,配上定語從句,把分詞所替代的時間展示出來

Anyone touching that wire will get an electric stock.

任何人碰到那根電線就會觸電。

= Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.

The only real and lasting solution is to convince people that driving is a skilled taskrequiring (=which requires) constant care and concentration.

唯一一個有效、持久的方法是說服人們相信,開車是一種技術活,需要一直小心,思想不能開小差。

Charles and Sydney, looking (=who look)so much like each other, are often considered to be twins.

查爾斯和悉尼兩個人的相貌非常相似,經常被人認為是雙胞胎。

注:雖然被修飾的詞是泛指意義的詞,但是如果從句裡的時態不是同步,則不可以用“現在分詞”去作後置定語,只能用“定語從句”。

Do you know anybody who has lost a dog?

你知道有誰丟了一隻貓?

定語從句所修飾的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是一個句子。定語從句通常位於先行詞之後,由關係代詞或關係副詞引導。

→限制性定語從句

限制性定語從句修飾先行詞,對先行詞起修飾作用,緊接先行詞之後,無逗號,若省去,原句意思不完整。

引導定語從句的關係代詞有

who,whom,whose,which,that等。

who,whom,whose用於指人,whose有時也可指物,相當於of which;which用於指物;that既可指人也可指物,但只用於限制性定語從句中。

關係代詞除了引導定語從句,替代先行詞外,還在從句中擔任主語、賓語、定語等。如:

The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.

Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.

The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.

1)當先行詞時

all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代詞或先行詞前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容詞最高級修飾時,只能用關係代詞that引導從句。如:

That is all that I've heard from him.

He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.

2)關係代詞的省略

在從句中作賓語的關係代詞常可省略。關係代詞緊跟介詞,作介詞賓語時不可用that,只可用which或whom引導從句,並且不可省略,但當介詞位於賓語從句句末時,作為介詞賓語的關係代詞仍可用that,也可省略。如:

This is one of those things with which we have to put up.

This is one of those things (which / that) we have to put up with.

3)引導定語從句的關係副詞有when,where,why等。關係副詞在從句中作狀語,意義上相當於一個“介詞+which”的結構。如:

Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.

No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.

*→非限制性定語從句

非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞,也可修飾整個主句,起補充說明作用,與主句之間有逗號隔開,若省去,原句意思不受影響。不可用that引導非限制性定語從句。關係詞不可省略。如:

Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.

*“介詞+which whom whose”引導的定語從句

“介詞+which whom whose”可引導限制性定語從句,也可引導非限制性定語從句,該結構中介詞的選擇取決於從句謂語動詞的固定搭配,或先行詞的習慣搭配。如:

This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.

It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.

*as引導的定語從句

as引導的定語從句主要用於“such...as”及“the same...as”的結構中,代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。as引導非限制性定語從句時,代替整個主句,從句可位於主句之前、之後或中間。如:

These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行詞problems)

As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主語)

關係副詞引導的定語從句

關係副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。

1)when, where, why

關係副詞when, where, why的含義相當於"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用,例如:

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?

2)that代替關係副詞

that可以用於表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞後,取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如:

 His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。

 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。

關係代詞引導的定語從句

關係代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,並在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關係代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。

1)who, whom, that

這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)

2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。

Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。

3)which, that

它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作主語)

The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)

狀語從句

→地點狀語從句

引導地點狀語從句的連詞是where,wherever.

Wherever she went,she took her little daughter with her.

→原因、結果和目的狀語從句

1)引導原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有:because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等。

Considering that he is a freshman,we must say he is doing well.

2)引導結果狀語從句的連詞有:so...that,such...that

,so that,that,so等。

Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.

3)引導目的狀語從句的連詞有:so that,in order that,for fear that等,從句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情態動詞。

We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.

→條件和讓步狀語從句

1)引導條件狀語從句的連詞和詞組有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。

As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.

2)引導讓步狀語從句的連詞和詞組有though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what(when,how...),whatever(whenever,wherever,however....)等。though,even if等引導狀語從句可轉換成含有as的部分倒裝結構,具有強調意義。其結構為“形容詞(副詞、動詞、名詞)+as+主語+謂語”。

No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.

Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)

→時間狀語從句

引導時間狀語從句的從屬連詞和詞組有:

1)when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。

We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.

2)as soon as,hardly(scarcely)...when,no sooner...than,each(every) time,the moment,immediately(that)等。

As soon as I sent an e-mail message,I received positive responses.

The moment he heard the good news,he jumped with joy.

狀語從句常用引導詞

時間狀語從句

常用引導詞:when、as、while、as soon as、before、after、since、till、until

特殊引導詞:the minute、the moment、the second、every time、the day、immediately、directly、no sooner…than(一……就……)、hardly…when(剛一……就……)、scarcely…when(幾乎沒有…的時候)

地點狀語從句

常用引導詞:where

特殊引導詞:wherever、anywhere、everywhere

原因狀語從句

常用引導詞:because、since、as、for

特殊引導詞:seeing that、now that、in that、considering that、given that

結果狀語從句

常用引導詞:so…that、such…that

特殊引導詞:such that、to the degree that、to the extent that、to such a degree that

目的狀語從句

常用引導詞:so that、such that

特殊引導詞:to the degree that、to the extent that、to such a degree that、in order that

條件狀語從句

常用引導詞:if、unless、whether(whether…or not)

特殊引導詞:as/so long as、only if、providing/provide that、supposing that、in case that、on condition that

讓步狀語從句

常用引導詞:though、although、even if、even though

特殊引導詞:as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)、while(一般用在句首)、no matter…、in spite of the fact that、whatever、whoever、wherever、whenever、however、whichever

方式狀語從句

常用引導詞:as、as if、how

特殊引導詞:the way

比較狀語從句

常用引導詞:as(同級比較)、than(不同程度的比較)

特殊引導詞:the more…the more…、just as…、so…、A to B is what/as C is to D、no…more than、not so much A as B

區分 that 與 what 引導的從句

一、引導主語從句

that與what都可引導主語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。

如:

What he said at the meeting was very important.他在會上所說的非常重要。(賓語)

What surprised us is that he did it alone.使我們吃驚的是他一個人做了那項工作。(主語)

That he did it alone surprised us.他獨自完成了那項工作使我們感到吃驚。(that用來引導主語從句,在句中不作成分)

二、引導賓語從句

that與what都可引導賓語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,一般情況下可以省略,但當有兩個以上的賓語從句時,只能省掉第一個that。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。如:

They stopped to see what was happening.他們停下來看發生了什麼事情。(主語)

The teacher got angry because of what the boy had done.那個男孩子做的事情讓老師很生氣。(what在賓語從句中作賓語)

All the people believed that it was right to rescue the temple.所有的人都認為拯救古廟是正確的。(that在賓語從句中不作句子成分且可省略)

We must believe that each one of us is able to do something well and that when we discover what this something is we must work hard at it until we succeed.我們必須相信,我們每一個人都能把某件事情辦好;而且,當我們發現這事情是什麼的時候,我們就必須努力幹下去,直到成功為止。(第一個that可省略,第二個that不能省略)

三、引導表語從句

that與what都可引導表語從句,that在從句中不作句子成分,且不能省略;what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。如:

Mary is no longer what she used to be.瑪麗不再是從前那樣了。(what在表語從句中作表語)

The question is what we should do to prevent him from going.問題是我們怎樣做才能阻止他去。(what在表語從句中作動詞do的賓語)

The reason why he didn’t come today is that his mother is ill.他今天沒來的原因是他母親病了。(that只起連接作用)

四、引導同位語從句

that與what都可引導同位語從句修飾表示抽象概念的名詞,對所修飾的名詞的具體內容進行詳細闡述。這類名詞有:

fact, idea, news, hope, belief, promise, thought, suggestion, proposal等。that在從句中不作句子成分,但不能省略。what 在從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,不能省略。如:

I have no idea what we should do next.我不知道我們下一步該做什麼。(賓語)

He made a promise that he would study hard.他許諾要努力學習。(that只起連接作用)

The boy expressed his hope that he would be a pilot when he grows up.那個男孩兒表達了他長大後想當一名飛行員的願望。(that只起連接作用)

五、引導定語從句

that可引導定語從句且在定語從句中作主語或賓語,that既可指人也可指物。that在從句中作賓語時可省略。如:

This is one of the buildings that were built last year.這是去年建的樓房之一。(that在定語從句中作主語,指物,不能省略。)

The doctor that you met in the street yesterday came here 20 years ago.你昨天在街上遇到的那位醫生二十年前就來到這裡了。(that 在從句中作賓語,指人並可省略。)

注意:what不能引導定語從句。如不能說:

1.He did all what he could to save the patient.

2.All what he needs is more time.

應將句中的what改為that,或去掉what,還可以將以上兩句中的all去掉,但兩句的結構發生了根本的改變:句1中的what引導賓語從句,句2中的what引導主語從句。

六、引導狀語從句

so...that, such ...that, so that結構引導狀語從句。what不能引導狀語從句,但whatever, no matter what可引導讓步狀語從句。如:

Put the little plants in the shade so that the sun won’t burn them.請把幼苗放在陰涼處以免太陽曬枯它們。

Don’t believe him no matter what he says.無論他說什麼,都不要相信他。


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