Square or Park?
由專築網王雪純，小R編譯
國際景觀建築節十月在澳大利亞墨爾本拉開帷幕，今年的主題是廣場和公園。這兩種景觀類型在過去的一百多年間從未改變其在城市中的主導地位，活動主辦方想針對這兩種景觀所存在的爭議進行探討。
This week the International Landscape Architecture Festival kicks off in Melbourne Australia. The theme of the conference is The Square and The Park. The festival curators see it as a contentious issue between these two landscape typologies which dominate our cities that haven’t changed in the past hundred years.
Klyde Warren城市公園- James Burnett工作室（圖片版權：Thomas McConnell）/Klyde Warren Park – Office of James Burnett | (Image Credit: Thomas McConnell)
全世界的許多城市都在糾結到底要建廣場還是公園：哪一個是社區的需求？ 哪一個最適合城市的發展？ 現代的公園和廣場都具有能適應人類日新月異的城市發展的彈性功能，都為公民提供了開放空間，也都有著各自的優點。
廣場
人們認為廣場是一個主要為硬質鋪裝的的公共空間，或者作為建築的外部空間而存在（比如國家美術館前的特拉法加廣場），這些建築可以是封閉式中央廣場、零售商店、餐廳、教堂或市政廳（比如聖馬可廣場）。
Many cities across the world are grappling with the decision of whether they create a square or a park. Which one does the community need? What will be best in the long term for the city? Many parks and squares have been resilient to our ever-changing cities, providing open space for citizens but they offer different benefits.
SQUARES
Perceived by the public as a civic space with hard surfaces one or more open sides as a forecourt to a major building (Trafalgar Square in front of The National Gallery) or closed central plaza with active edges of retail, restaurants and a church or town hall (Piazza San Marco).
Kungsbacka廣場-White事務所（圖片版權：Per Kårehed）/Kungsbacka Square – White arkitekter (Image Credit: Per Kårehed)
布魯塞爾大廣場-OMGEVING事務所（圖片版權：Hannelore Veelaert, OMGEVING）/Grote Markt – OMGEVING (Image Credit: Hannelore Veelaert, OMGEVING)
世界上有很多著名的廣場，從意大利的小廣場和美國的城市廣場（通常小於1000平方米/ 10,000平方英尺），到莫斯科、北京、馬德里的大廣場（數十萬平方米米/百萬平方英尺），從中心廣場到可容納數百人的集會廣場，再到可容納數千人的閱兵廣場，廣場可以滿足各種功能需要。集會廣場空間通常處於高度城市化的環境中，且具有大面積的硬質景觀，可為各類項目提供場所，但是廣場在夏季和冬季並不能提供宜人的環境。廣場通常作為活動和商業場所，讓不同人群聚集在一起購物、用餐、觀景和享受城市生活。
There are many squares across the world from the small squares in Italy and town squares of the USA (often under 1000 square metres/10,000 square feet) to the large squares of Moscow, Beijing, Madrid which are often in the hundreds of thousands of square metres (millions of square feet). They serve a variety of purposes from central squares, markets squares with a few hundred people up to parade squares with thousands of people. Squares are gathering spaces that are often in a highly urban context with large areas of hardscape that also for a multitude of program and placemaking. Although they can also be very stifling in summer and cold in winter. Squares are often seen as places of activity and commerce allowing for various groups to gather and congregate to shop, dine, people watch and enjoy the life of the city.
Piece Hall廣場-Gillespies（圖片版權：Paul White）/The Piece Hall – Gillespies (Image Credit: Paul White)
維多利亞廣場-Hansen Partnership（圖片版權：Andrew Lloyd）/Victoria Square – Hansen Partnership (Image Credit: Andrew Lloyd)
公園
公園通常被視為柔性空間，是城市的綠肺，為城市森林提供了大片樹木和草叢，供公眾在城市的喧囂忙碌中停腳休憩。公園是一個允許人們放鬆的積極場所，它也允許人們進行劇烈運動或者舒緩運動，但在廣場空間裡運動就會顯得格格不入（或直接被禁止）。
PARKS
Parks are often seen as soft spaces that create green lungs for the city offering an urban forest with large expanses of planting and grass for the public to seek respite from the hustle and bustle and heat of the city. A place that can be passive and allow people to relax, but also engage in various activities (active and passive sports) that often could be seen to be out of place in a square (or often banned in the square).
朱拉隆功大學中央公園-LANDPEOCESS | （圖片版權：LANDPROCESS）/Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park – LANDPROCESS | (Image courtesy of LANDPROCESS)
ZilArt公園- !melk事務所（圖片版權：!melk事務所）/ZilArt Park – !melk| (Images courtesy of !melk)
廣場還是公園
讓城市規劃師、城市設計師和公眾經常糾結的問題是我們到底需要的是廣場還是公園。隨著城市密度的增加、開放空間與城市森林的流失，這個問題變得更加棘手。
SQUARE OR PARK
The conundrum that city planners, urban designers and the public often faces is do we need a square or a park? This question has become more fraught and tenuous as the density of cities has increased at the same time that open space and the urban forest have been lost.
英國倫敦萊斯特廣場-Burns + Nice（圖片：Burns + Nice）/Leicester Square City Quarter – Burns + Nice | (Image Credit Burns + Nice)
但人們似乎無法得出答案，因為城市一直在人和環境需求之間努力取得平衡。在決策過程中最重要的是對場地進行評估以確定其最佳用途。在高密度城市環境中，公園通常由於微氣候（方向、陰影、比例、可用空間）達不到完美要求，而廣場或許由於能夠提供位於建築物邊緣的多用途區域更符合人們的期待。但位於較空曠的中密度住宅區域則適合建造能為更多人提供服務的多功能公園。
最近興起了一種公園廣場混合類景觀，比如公園裡的廣場或廣場中的小公園（設置於廣場外圍、中央或小綠地），兩者都將硬性和柔性空間結合起來，從而有了更多組合方式。這些廣場還加入了水元素，例如“水廣場”，可在雨天排水和儲水。
The answer is not always clear as cities endeavour to strike a balance between civic and environmental needs of the community. The most important element is understanding the site context to determine the best use of the place. Often in highly urban environments, a central park may not be the answer due to the micro-climate (orientation, shading, scale, available space) whereas a plaza may be more suited due to the ability to create a multiuse area with active building edges. Whereas, an open plot in medium-density family housing lends itself to a park with a variety of uses and able to serve a wider demographic.
Cities have also recently built hybrids typologies with a park in a square or square in a park that incorporates hard and soft spaces (a periphery or central green or a square with a small area of green) which allow for a variety of passive and active programming. These squares also integrate water sensitive urban design such as Water Square which allows for water retention and storage during rain events.
水廣場- De Urbanisten事務所（圖片版權：De Urbanisten事務所）/Water Square – De Urbanisten | Image Credit: De Urbanisten
Yagan廣場-ASPECT事務所（圖片版權：Peter Bennetts）/Yagan Square – ASPECT Studios (Image Credit: Peter Bennetts)
Berczy公園- Claude Cormier + associés事務所（圖片版權：Industryous Photography）/Berczy Park – Claude Cormier + associés | (image Credit: Industryous Photography)
這類混合空間不太好討論，因為不能把其明確地定義為公園或廣場。但那只是學術上的糾結，只要創造了一個成功滿足居民所需領域要求並令人們充分享受的社區空間，那這個空間就是有價值的。
Having a discourse about these hybrid spaces is often hard as they are not often clearly called a park or square with squares called parks and parks are called squares. In the end, is it of consequence? or is it all academic and the true value of the space is that a successful space is created that suits the community needs who have taken ownership of space and enjoy to the full.
Warrior廣場花園（圖片版權：Colin Philp）/Warrior Square Gardens | (Photograph Copyright: Colin Philp)
Warrior廣場花園（圖片版權：Colin Philp）/Warrior Square Gardens | (Photograph Copyright: Colin Philp)
Dilworth公園（圖片版權：OLIN / Sahar Coston Hardy）/Dilworth Park | (Image Credit | OLIN / Sahar Coston Hardy )
Dilworth公園（圖片版權：OLIN / Sahar Coston Hardy）/Dilworth Park | (Image Credit | OLIN / Sahar Coston Hardy )
要為社區設計一個成功的中心場所，關鍵是確保場所與周邊的呼應，為社區共同提供良好的環境。任何公園、廣場或混合式建築都必須具有彈性，能夠應對未來變化，保證無需進行返工和額外改建。
The key is to design a successful central place for the community is to ensure that it responds to the context of the surrounding environment and provides a place for the community to thrive. Any park, square or hybrid must be resilient and allow for repurposing for future uses and communities with little rework and expenditure.
閱讀更多 建築IDEA 的文章
