雷·達里奧，橋水基金的創始人。最近出了本新書《原則》，我還沒開始看。
***
Why is it that some people seem to make constant progress in their professional and personal lives, while others appear to be doomed to repeat the same mistakes over and over?
為什麼有些人在其職業領域和個人生活中能取得不斷進步，而其他人卻始終原地踏步、停滯不前，不斷重複相同的錯誤？
While the answer isn’t cut and dry, I’ve noticed an interesting mindset difference between these two groups: they approach obstacles and challenges very differently.
答案可能不盡相同，但我注意到這兩類人中存在著一種非常有趣的思維差異：他們面對問題和挑戰的方式迥然不同。
The first group approaches life with an open mind — an eagerness to learn and a willingness to be wrong. The second group digs their heels in at the first sign of disagreement and would rather die than be wrong. The way each group approaches obstacles, it turns out, defines much of what separates them.
前者以開放的思維狀態面對生活——渴望學習，願意犯錯。後者則正好相反，他們在困難面前停滯不前，寧死也不肯犯錯。這種態度決定了其不同的人生。
So which group are you in?
那麼你是那種人呢？
Before you smugly slap an open-minded sticker on your chest, consider this: closed-minded people would never consider that they could actually be closed-minded. In fact, their perceived open-mindedness is what’s so dangerous.
在你自鳴得意地為自己貼上思維開放的標籤之前，你要明白：思維封閉的人永遠不會覺得自己思維封閉、保守。事實上，他們將開放的思維視為一種冒險。
It’s a version of the Batesian Mimic Problem — are you the real thing or a copycat? Are you the real deal, or have you simply learned to talk the talk, to look the part?
這是貝葉斯模擬問題的一個版本—你是真實的自己？還是隻是一個模仿者？你真的存在嗎？還是僅僅學會了說話和看東西？
These are tough questions to answer. Nobody wants to admit to themselves that they’re closed-minded. But the advantages of having that courage are massive. The ability to change your mind is a superpower.
要回答這些問題其實很難。沒有人願意承認自己思維保守。但勇氣的力量是巨大的，改變思維的能力是一種超級力量。
The rate at which you learn and progress in the world depends on how willing you are to weigh the merit of new ideas, even if you don’t instinctively like them. Perhaps especially if you don’t like them.
你學習和進步的速度取決於你有多大意願去衡量新思想的價值，哪怕從內心中你並不喜歡它。特別是你抗拒的時候。
What’s more, placing your trust and effort in the right mentor can propel you forward, just as placing it in the wrong person can send you back to the starting point.
而且，對正確的人抱以信任和付出努力能夠激勵你前進。同樣，將其投給錯誤的人也將將你拖回原點。
So how can you tell what camp you're in? How do you make sure you're being influenced by the right group of people?
所以，你當如何辨別自己屬於哪一類人？如何確信自己正置身於真確的人群當中？
In his book Principles, Ray Dalio, self-made billionaire and founder of the largest hedge fund in the world, lays out seven powerful ways you can tell the difference.
雷·達里奧，白手起家的億萬富翁，同時是世界最大對沖基金橋水基金的創始人。在他的新書《原則》中列出了7條辨別標準。
1. Challenging Ideas
1、挑戰想法
Closed-minded people don’t want their ideas challenged. They are typically frustrated that they can’t get the other person to agree with them instead of curious as to why the other person disagrees
思維封閉的人不希望別人挑戰自己的想法。當別人對其想法持有異議的時候會變得極為沮喪，而不是去想別人為什麼不支持他的想法。
Closed-minded people are more interested in proving themselves right than in getting the best outcome. They don’t ask questions. They want to show you where you're wrong without understanding where you’re coming from. They get angry when you ask them to explain something. They think people who ask questions are slowing them down. And they think you’re an idiot if you don’t agree.
思維封閉的人熱衷於證明自己是對的，而不是把注意力放在獲得最佳結果上。他們不會提出問題。他們只想證明你錯了，但不會深究背後的原因。當你要求他們做出解釋的時候，他們會抓狂。他們認為質疑他們的人在拖他們的後腿。而且你要是不同意他的說法，他就認為你是個傻逼。
In short, they’re on the wrong side of right.
簡而言之就是：他們站在了錯誤的一邊。
Open-minded people are more curious about why there is disagreement. … They understand that there is always the possibility that they might be wrong and that it’s worth the little bit of time it takes to consider the other person’s views….
思維開放的人好奇的是別人為什麼反對他...他們知道自己很有會犯錯，所以值得拿出一些時間思考別人的意見。
Open-minded people see disagreement as a thoughtful means to expand their knowledge. They don’t get angry or upset at questions; rather, they want to identify where the disagreement lies so they can correct their misperceptions. They realize that being right means changing their minds when someone else knows something they don’t.
思維開放的人將異議視為拓展自己知識的思維工具。面對質疑，他們不會生氣或者沮喪，他們希望獲得反對的聲音，這樣他們就有機會糾正自己的誤區。他們清楚要變的更好就要改變自己的思維，特別是當別人知道他們不知道的事情的時候。
2. Statements vs. Questions
2、陳述還是疑問？
Closed-minded people are more likely to make statements than ask questions.
思維封閉的人願意下結論，而不是提出疑問。
These are the people who sit in meetings and are more than willing to offer their opinions, but never ask other people to expand on or explain their ideas. Closed-minded people are thinking of how they would refute the other person’s thoughts, rather than trying to understand what they might be missing.
這種人在會議中更願意提出自己的觀點，但是從不會要求別人拓展和解釋他們的想法。思維封閉的人想的永遠是如何去反駁別人的觀點，而不是嘗試理解他們可能正誤解的東西。
Open-minded people genuinely believe they could be wrong; the questions that they ask are genuine.
思維開放的人真誠地認為自己可能是錯的；所以他們提出的問題也是真誠地。
Open-minded people know that while they may have an opinion on a subject, it could count for less than someone else’s. Maybe they’re outside their circle of competence or maybe they’re experts. Regardless, they’re always curious as to how people see things differently and they weigh their opinions accordingly.
思維開放的的人知道，儘管自己對某一事物持有自己的看法，但是與其他人的相比不會那麼重要。可能他們超出了自己的能力範圍，或者可能對方是專家。無論如何，他們總是對別人如何看待問題感到好奇，並且會根據情況權衡自己的觀點。
(At Syrus Partners, for example, Jeff’s financial analysis trumps mine when we disagree. Why? He’s simply better at it than I am. He finds things that business owners don’t even know about. Do I care that his analyses take precedence? No. Why? Because I want the best outcome.)
（舉個例子，在塞雷斯合夥人公司，當我們產生分歧的時候，傑夫的財務分析勝過我。為什麼？他就是比我在這方面更強啊！他發現了甚至企業老闆都不瞭解的東西。我會介意他的分析更好嗎？不會！為什麼？因為我想要最好的結果。）
3、Understanding
3、理解
Closed-minded people focus much more on being understood than on understanding others.
思維保守的人在意的是被理解，而不是去理解。
People’s default behaviors offer a quick tell. When you disagree with someone, what’s their reaction? If they’re quick to rephrase what they just said or, even worse, repeat it, then they are assuming that you don’t understand them, rather than that you are disagreeing with them.
人們的默認行為會產生迅速的決斷。當你不同意某人的時候，他們作何反應？如果他們會迅速複述自己剛剛說過的話，更甚的是，不斷地重複它。然後他們會認為你不理解他們本身，而不是不同意他們的觀點。
Open-minded people feel compelled to see things through others’ eyes.
思維開放的人覺得有必要透過他人的視角看待問題。
When you disagree with an open-minded person, they are quick to assume that they might not understand something and to ask you to tell them where their understanding is incomplete.
當你對一個持有開放思維的人表示不贊同的時候，他們會迅速的假設你可能對這個事物不是很理解，然後他們要求你說出，你不完全理解的地方是什麼？
4. I Might Be Wrong, But…
4、我可能是錯的，但是...
Dalio nails this one. I have nothing to add.
達里奧的這一段，我沒有什麼需要補充的。
Closed-minded people say things like “I could be wrong … but here’s my opinion.” This is a classic cue I hear all the time. It’s often a perfunctory gesture that allows people to hold their own opinion while convincing themselves that they are being open-minded. If your statement starts with “I could be wrong”…, you should probably follow it with a question and not an assertion.
思維封閉的人會說類似這樣的話“我可能是錯的...但是我的觀點就是這樣”。這是我一直所見的一個經典的提示。這是一個很敷衍的姿態，使自己相信自己的思維是開放的，但卻抓著自己的觀點不放手。如果你以我可能是錯的...這種句式開頭，你最好在其後加上一個問題，而不是斷言。
Open-minded people know when to make statements and when to ask questions.
思維開放的人清楚自己應該何時下結論，合適提問題。
5. Just Shut Up
5、閉嘴
“Closed-minded people block others from speaking.”
思維封閉的人不給別人表達的機會。
They don’t have time to rehash something already talked about. They don’t want to hear anyone’s voices but their own. (Dalio offers a “two-minute rule” to get around this: Everyone has the right to speak for two minutes without being interrupted.)
他們沒有耐心對已討論過的內容做出改變。除了自己的，他們不希望聽到別人的聲音。（達里奧提出了一個兩份鍾法則：每個人都有兩分鐘表達而不被打斷的權利）。
Open-minded people are always more interested in listening than in speaking.
思維開放的人更願意傾聽而不是表達。
More than that, they say things like, “Sam, I notice you’ve been quiet. Would you like to offer your thoughts to the group?”
不但如此，他們還總是說這樣的話，比如：薩姆，我發現最近你太安靜了。你願意為大家提供一點意見嗎？
“The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function.”——F. Scott Fitzgerald
一流智商的標準是頭腦中存在兩種截然相反的思想但並行不悖。（中庸就是這個道理）——弗朗西斯·斯科特·基·菲茨傑拉德
6. Only One Sperm Gets In
6、只允許一個“精子”進入
Closed-minded people have trouble holding two thoughts simultaneously in their minds.
思維封閉的人難以同時在頭腦中容納兩種想法。
This reminds me of the memorable quote by Charlie Munger: “The human mind is a lot like the human egg, and the human egg has a shut-off device. When one sperm gets in, it shuts down so the next one can’t get in.” It’s our nature to close our minds around our favorite ideas, but this is not the ideal way to think and learn.
這使我想起了查理·芒格的名言：人類的思想很像卵子，卵子有一個關閉裝置。當第一個精子闖進去的時候，它會關閉，使後面的精子進不去。排斥外界的想法是我們的天性，但是這絕不是思考和學習的最佳方式。
Open-minded people can take in the thoughts of others without losing their ability to think well—they can hold two or more conflicting concepts in their mind and go back and forth between them to assess their relative merits.
思維開放的人能在不失去自我思考能力的同時吸收他人的觀點。他們能接受兩個甚至以上矛盾的觀念在頭腦中，然後再評估這些想法的相對價值。
7. Humble Pie
7、屈辱
Closed-minded people lack a deep sense of humility.
思維封閉的人缺少謙卑。
Where does one get humility? Usually from failure—a crash so terrible they don’t want to repeat it. I remember when a hedge fund I was on the board of made a terrible investment decision. We spent a lot of time rubbing our noses in it afterward in an attempt to make sure we wouldn’t repeat the same mistake. In the process, we learned a lot about what we didn’t know.
謙卑之心來自於何處？通常來自於失敗——一場他們不願重提的巨大挫折。我記得，在一次對沖基金投資中，我做了一個非常糟糕的投資決策。為了確保我們不會重蹈覆轍，我們花了很多時間做事後分析，確保我們不會再犯同樣的錯誤。在此過程中，我們學到了很多此前不知道的東西。
Open-minded people approach everything with a deep-seated fear that they may be wrong.
思維開放的人對任何事都充滿敬畏，因為他們可能會犯錯。
***
If you recognize closed-minded behavior patterns in yourself, you’re not alone.
如果你意識到了你的思維封閉的行為模式，你就不再孤獨。
We’re all somewhere on the continuum between open- and closed-minded by default. Further complicating things, it varies by day and subject.
默認的情況是，我們每個人都是處於開放與封閉之間的。更復雜的情況是，它會隨著時間和主題而變化。
Staying open-minded won’t happen by accident.
開放思維不會偶然產生。
When you find yourself exhibiting these behaviors in the moment, acknowledge what’s happening and correct it. Don’t blame yourself. As soon as you can, find a quiet place and reflect on what’s going on at a deeper level. Try to do better next time. Remember that this stuff takes work.
當你發現自己此刻存在這些行為的時候，承認所發生的，然後糾正它。一旦你能糾正它，你就會發現內心的祥和，然後更深層次的反思正在發生的事情。儘量在下次做到最好。記住：這非常有用。
Maybe you have your self-worth wrapped up in being right, or maybe you’re not the right person to make a given decision. Or maybe it’s something else. Either way, this is something worth exploring.
也許你的自我價值是通過變得正確而包裝起來的，或者你不是提供決策的正確人選。或者可能是些其他的東西。不管怎樣，這是值得探索的。
I have one more thing to add: Being open-minded does not mean that you spend an inordinate amount of time considering patently bad ideas just for the sake of open-mindedness.
還有一點需要補充：變得思維開放並不意味著你要無節制地花費大量的時間，為了思維開放而去思考那些明顯錯誤的想法。
You must have what Garrett Hardin calls a “default status” on various issues in your head. If someone offers you the proverbial free lunch, it’s OK to default to skepticism. If someone offers to build you a perpetual motion machine, I suggest you ignore them, as they’re violating the laws of thermodynamics. If someone offers to help you defraud the government and suggests that “no one will know,” I suggest you walk away immediately. There is wisdom in closed-mindedness on certain issues.
你必須針對各種主題有加勒特·哈丁所謂的“默認狀態”在頭腦中。如果有人請你吃“免費的午餐”，默認狀態就是成為懷疑論者。如果有人想要給你建一個永動機，我建議你還是忽視他們，因為這違反了熱力學定律。如果有人提議要幫助你欺詐政府並且不會有人知道，我建議你最好立馬開溜。有些時候，思維封閉反倒是種智慧。
But consider this: Do you know anyone who doesn’t have any blind spots? I strongly doubt it. Then why would you be any different? As Dalio makes clear, you must be active in the process of open-mindedness: It won’t happen by accident.
但想一下這個問題：你認識沒有任何認知忙點的人嗎？我十分懷疑。那麼，為什麼你會有所不同呢？正如達里奧明確指出的那樣，你必須熱衷於讓自己思維變得開放：因為這個過程不是一蹴而就的。
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